tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-45754457531431848252024-02-18T20:46:06.122-08:00LawsipokMeans good-for-nothing in the Kutien/Hochiew dialect.
Just for fun!Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.comBlogger25125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-81482056593763832642023-03-21T23:51:00.004-07:002023-03-21T23:52:25.365-07:00AWANGSA BINA SDN BHD v MAYLAND AVENUE SDN BHD<div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Non-Applicability of Section 10 of the Arbitration Act 2005 to a Winding Up Petition</b></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Learned Judge, Wong Chee Lin J in dismissing the Respondent’s Stay Application, held that Section 10 of the Arbitration Act 2005 has no applicability to a winding-up petition. In arriving at her decision, the Learned Judge concurred with the High Court decision in NFC Labuan Shipleasing Ltd v Semua Chemical Shipping Sdn Bhd [2017] MLJU 900, which reasoned, amongst others, that:-</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">i) A winding-up proceeding is sui generis and not in the nature of a substantive claim contemplated within the remit of Section 10 Arbitration Act 2005.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">ii) A winding-up proceeding is not an execution proceeding based on a judgment or proceedings to resolve disputes between parties.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">iii) Following therefrom, a winding-up petition is not a ‘proceeding’ that is susceptible to a stay pending arbitration and to grant a stay of winding-up petition under Section 10 of the Arbitration Act 2005 would be patently inappropriate and conceptually incongruent within the winding-up context.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Discretionary Powers under S465 Companies Act 2016 may be invoked when there is a prima facie dispute of debt</b></div></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Having decided the above, the Learned Judge proceeded to examine the substantive merits of winding-up petition and the position in foreign jurisdiction in the English Court of Appeal decision in Salford Estates (No 2) Ltd v Altomart Ltd (No 2)[2015] Ch 589, Singapore High Court decision in Bdg v Bdh [2016] 5 SLR 977, and lastly Hong Kong Court of First Instance decision in Lasmos Limited v Southwest Pacific Bauxite (HK) Limited [2018] HKCFI 426.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">After conducting a comprehensive examination on the foreign authorities, the Learned Judge was satisfied that there was <b>prima facie a dispute as to the debt</b> and exercised her discretion under Section 465 of Companies Act 2016 to dismiss the winding-up petition. In doing so, the following principles in the above authorities become relevant:-</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">a) The Companies Act confers the court the discretionary power to wind up a company and the Court shall only exercise this discretion in such a way which is not incongruent with the legislative policy embodied in the Act;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>b) When the Parties have agreed to refer the dispute relating to the debt to arbitration, the merits of the dispute are to be decided by the arbitrator and not the court.</b></div></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">c) In such circumstance, it would be anomalous for the Court to conduct a summary judgment type analysis of liability for an unadmitted debt on which a winding-up petition is grounded.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>d) The exercise of the discretion to wind up a company would inevitably mean that the Court would have to conduct a summary judgment type of analysis and enquiry onto the merits of the dispute of the debt, and thus, depriving the other Parties from its contractual bargain – i.e. to resolve any dispute by way of arbitration.</b></div></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>e) Further, the exercise of the discretion to wind up a company would also encourage parties to an arbitration agreement to by-pass the arbitration agreement by presenting a winding-up petition.</b></div></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>f) In the upshot, if there was prima facie a dispute of debt, the petition may be dismissed to enable parties to resolve the dispute over the debt by their chosen method of dispute resolution – arbitration, rather than require the court to investigate whether or not the debt is bona fide disputed on substantial grounds.<br /><br /></b><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #212121; font-family: verdana; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7; margin: 1.2rem 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="SS_bf" data-housestyle="EMPHASIS_bf" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><blockquote><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #212121; font-family: verdana; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7; margin: 1.2rem 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="SS_bf" data-housestyle="EMPHASIS_bf" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Case Extract</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"> </span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #212121; font-family: verdana; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7; margin: 1.2rem 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="SS_bf" data-housestyle="EMPHASIS_bf" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[25]</span> Applying the decisions in <span class="SS_ib" data-housestyle="EMPHASIS_ib" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Salford Estates, Bdg v Bdh</span> and the <span class="SS_ib" data-housestyle="EMPHASIS_ib" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lasmos</span> case, I should ascertain whether there is a <span class="SS_it" data-housestyle="EMPHASIS_it" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">prima facie</span> dispute of the debt claimed by the Petitioner. Since the Respondent was relying primarily on <a class="SS_EmbeddedLink" data-contentcomponentid="500399" data-docfullpath="/shared/document/legislation-my/urn:contentItem:5RC3-NYC1-JX8W-M4DF-00000-00" data-func="LN.Advance.ContentView.getDocument" data-pctpguid="urn:pct:350" data-pinpage="" data-priceplan="subscription" href="https://advance.lexis.com/document/documentlink/?pdmfid=1522468&crid=6f560406-cbcc-43ac-a4f5-d9dedd554da5&pddocfullpath=%2Fshared%2Fdocument%2Fcases-my%2Furn%3AcontentItem%3A5XWP-9DX1-JNCK-242R-00000-00&pdcontentcomponentid=235221&pddoctitle=%5B2019%5D+MLJU+1365&pdmetaitem=highlighttoken%2Crecalltoken&pdproductcontenttypeid=urn%3Apct%3A348&pdiskwicview=false&ecomp=z5x3k&prid=7dcdc85a-02fd-4d06-937b-1272ba436a6f#" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; color: #006ebb; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Unannotated Statutes of Malaysia Primary Act">section 10</a> of the <a class="SS_EmbeddedLink" data-contentcomponentid="500399" data-docfullpath="/shared/document/legislation-my/urn:contentItem:5RC3-NYD1-JN14-G2CX-00000-00" data-func="LN.Advance.ContentView.getDocument" data-pctpguid="urn:pct:350" data-pinpage="" data-priceplan="subscription" href="https://advance.lexis.com/document/documentlink/?pdmfid=1522468&crid=6f560406-cbcc-43ac-a4f5-d9dedd554da5&pddocfullpath=%2Fshared%2Fdocument%2Fcases-my%2Furn%3AcontentItem%3A5XWP-9DX1-JNCK-242R-00000-00&pdcontentcomponentid=235221&pddoctitle=%5B2019%5D+MLJU+1365&pdmetaitem=highlighttoken%2Crecalltoken&pdproductcontenttypeid=urn%3Apct%3A348&pdiskwicview=false&ecomp=z5x3k&prid=7dcdc85a-02fd-4d06-937b-1272ba436a6f#" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; color: #006ebb; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Unannotated Statutes of Malaysia Primary Act">Arbitration Act 2005</a>, it did not elaborate on the basis on which it was disputing the debt claimed by the Petitioner but essentially this is what the Respondent is alleging:</p><ul class="SS_List" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #212121; font-family: verdana; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 400; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 1.2rem 1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 1.2rem 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="SS_ListLabel" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; display: table-cell; float: left; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="SS_ro" data-housestyle="EMPHASIS_ro" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a)</span></span><span class="SS_ListItemContent" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 97%; padding: 0px 0px 0px 6px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">that it is entitled to a set off against rectification costs that are needed to be incurred;</span></li><li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 1.2rem 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="SS_ListLabel" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; display: table-cell; float: left; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="SS_ro" data-housestyle="EMPHASIS_ro" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">b)</span></span><span class="SS_ListItemContent" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 97%; padding: 0px 0px 0px 6px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">that the Respondent is also entitled to counterclaim for back charges that had been incurred; and</span></li><li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 1.2rem 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="SS_ListLabel" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; display: table-cell; float: left; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="SS_ro" data-housestyle="EMPHASIS_ro" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">c)</span></span><span class="SS_ListItemContent" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 97%; padding: 0px 0px 0px 6px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">that the claim incorporated amounts that are owing from the nominated sub-contractors and the nominated Suppliers.</span></li></ul><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #212121; font-family: verdana; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7; margin: 1.2rem 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #212121; font-family: verdana; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7; margin: 1.2rem 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="SS_bf" data-housestyle="EMPHASIS_bf" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[26]</span> The Respondent had exhibited letters from some nominated sub- contractors to the effect that they have been paid directly by the Respondent and are not claiming against the Respondent.</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #212121; font-family: verdana; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7; margin: 1.2rem 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="SS_bf" data-housestyle="EMPHASIS_bf" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[27]</span> It was submitted for the Petitioner that the Respondent lacks bona fides as the claims were made only very recently and not when the Accounts were being finalised. Also I note that the Respondent could have but did not quantify its counterclaim or set off. If the Respondent has to show that the debt was disputed <span class="SS_it" data-housestyle="EMPHASIS_it" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">bona fide</span> on substantial grounds, I would hold that the Respondent has not discharged that burden.</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #212121; font-family: verdana; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7; margin: 1.2rem 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="SS_bf" data-housestyle="EMPHASIS_bf" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[28]</span> However, applying the lower threshold of merely showing a <span class="SS_it" data-housestyle="EMPHASIS_it" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">prima facie</span> dispute, since the debt here is the subject matter of an arbitration clause, I am of the view that the Respondent has discharged the burden of showing a <span class="SS_it" data-housestyle="EMPHASIS_it" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">prima facie</span> dispute, bearing in mind that a denial of the indebtedness constitutes a dispute. The merits or otherwise of the dispute are matters to be decided by the arbitrator and not by this Court and the Respondent had given notice of arbitration to the Petitioner. Accordingly, I would not stay the winding up petition pending arbitration under <a class="SS_EmbeddedLink" data-contentcomponentid="500399" data-docfullpath="/shared/document/legislation-my/urn:contentItem:5RC3-NYC1-JX8W-M4DF-00000-00" data-func="LN.Advance.ContentView.getDocument" data-pctpguid="urn:pct:350" data-pinpage="" data-priceplan="subscription" href="https://advance.lexis.com/document/documentlink/?pdmfid=1522468&crid=6f560406-cbcc-43ac-a4f5-d9dedd554da5&pddocfullpath=%2Fshared%2Fdocument%2Fcases-my%2Furn%3AcontentItem%3A5XWP-9DX1-JNCK-242R-00000-00&pdcontentcomponentid=235221&pddoctitle=%5B2019%5D+MLJU+1365&pdmetaitem=highlighttoken%2Crecalltoken&pdproductcontenttypeid=urn%3Apct%3A348&pdiskwicview=false&ecomp=z5x3k&prid=7dcdc85a-02fd-4d06-937b-1272ba436a6f#" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; color: #006ebb; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Unannotated Statutes of Malaysia Primary Act">section 10</a> of the <a class="SS_EmbeddedLink" data-contentcomponentid="500399" data-docfullpath="/shared/document/legislation-my/urn:contentItem:5RC3-NYD1-JN14-G2CX-00000-00" data-func="LN.Advance.ContentView.getDocument" data-pctpguid="urn:pct:350" data-pinpage="" data-priceplan="subscription" href="https://advance.lexis.com/document/documentlink/?pdmfid=1522468&crid=6f560406-cbcc-43ac-a4f5-d9dedd554da5&pddocfullpath=%2Fshared%2Fdocument%2Fcases-my%2Furn%3AcontentItem%3A5XWP-9DX1-JNCK-242R-00000-00&pdcontentcomponentid=235221&pddoctitle=%5B2019%5D+MLJU+1365&pdmetaitem=highlighttoken%2Crecalltoken&pdproductcontenttypeid=urn%3Apct%3A348&pdiskwicview=false&ecomp=z5x3k&prid=7dcdc85a-02fd-4d06-937b-1272ba436a6f#" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; color: #006ebb; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Unannotated Statutes of Malaysia Primary Act">Arbitration Act 2005</a> but, in the exercise of my discretion under section 465 of the Companies Act 2016, I would dismiss the winding up petition on the ground that the Respondent has shown the existence of a <span class="SS_it" data-housestyle="EMPHASIS_it" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">prima facie</span> dispute which ought to be referred to arbitration.</p></blockquote><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #212121; font-family: verdana; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7; margin: 1.2rem 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"></p></div></b></div>Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-87919735146072566312023-03-16T01:34:00.005-07:002023-03-16T01:34:30.351-07:00Holding Letter1. We refer to your letter dated 14 March 2023. <br /><br /> 2. We have been instructed by our client that your client may proceed with any adjudication and/or arbitration proceedings deemed necessary by your client. <br /><br /> 3. However, any adjudication and/or arbitration proceedings will be vigorously defended by our client. Kindly also be informed that we have our client’s instructions to accept service of all legal process on our client’s behalf. <br /><br /> 4. For the avoidance of doubt, all our client’s rights are expressly reserved.Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-58808314249944047052023-02-23T23:33:00.002-08:002023-02-23T23:33:09.688-08:00Letter to Deny Liability<p><span style="text-align: justify;">We
refer to your letter dated +++</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a>Kindly be
informed that the alleged +++ are not within the scope of +++</a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a>Indeed, we
have taken all necessary steps to +++</a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">We
further deny the +++’s claims for the sum of +++ in its entirety
as the alleged amount is wholly unsubstantiated and, in any event, excessive.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Therefore,
you shall not release the sum of ++++, being +++.</p><div style="mso-element: comment-list;"><div style="mso-element: comment;"><div class="msocomtxt" id="_com_2" language="JavaScript">
<!--[if !supportAnnotations]--></div>
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</div>Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-32294499749592087182023-02-07T19:37:00.003-08:002023-02-07T19:37:49.762-08:00Can you cancel a Schedule H SPA after signing it?<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: -0.003em;">Anand Raj Giri A/L Haripasar Giri v Country Garden Danga Bay Sdn Bhd</span></p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph sh si rl iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so sp sq sr ss st su sv sw sx sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="ee73" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">The brief facts are as follows:-</p><blockquote class="tc td te" style="background-color: white; box-shadow: rgb(41, 41, 41) 3px 0px 0px 0px inset; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding-left: 23px;"><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="db18" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">11–10–2017 Purchaser signed the Sales Form and Schedule H SPA (“<span class="iy ic" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">SPA</span>”) for the purchase of a property worth RM670,380. Paid Deposit of RM10,000.</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="387b" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">9–11–2017 Purchaser made part payment to the Developer.</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="20df" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">16–4–2018 Purchaser made another 2 part payments. Total paid to Developer at this stage is RM80,445.20.</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="29b0" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">7–8–2018 Developer dated the SPA.</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="80b1" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">On or around August 2018, Purchaser did not want to continue with the Purchase, citing financial issues.</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="f2dc" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">18–1–2019 Purchaser signed the Deed of Revocation sent to him by the Developer. In the Deed of Revocation, there is a clause that allows the Developer to forfeit 10% of the Purchase Price (same substantial remedy as in Clause 11 (2) of the SPA).</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="68f5" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">20–8–2019 Purchaser commenced an action against the Developer.</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="523d" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">26–9–2019 Developer refunded RM8,916.68 to the Purchaser, after deducting RM67,038.00 and RM4,491 as legal fees incurred by the Developer which arose from the purchase of the property.</p></blockquote><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph sh si rl iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so sp sq sr ss st su sv sw sx sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="96d9" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">The learned Magistrate held for the Purchaser/Plaintiff.</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph sh si rl iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so sp sq sr ss st su sv sw sx sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="610c" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">On appeal to the High Court, the learned Judicial Commissioner allowed the appeal and held for the Developer.</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph sh si rl iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so sp sq sr ss st su sv sw sx sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="c158" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">Dissatisfied, the Purchaser/Plaintiff appealed to the Court of Appeal.</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph sh si rl iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so sp sq sr ss st su sv sw sx sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="844b" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">The issues which were raised before the Court of Appeal were essentially:-</p><blockquote class="tc td te" style="background-color: white; box-shadow: rgb(41, 41, 41) 3px 0px 0px 0px inset; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding-left: 23px;"><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="ac02" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(a) Whether a Purchaser under a Schedule H SPA can cancel the SPA 2 years after signing the same, in reliance of a Sales Form that was signed by the Purchaser?</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="e6fd" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(b) Is the Purchaser entitled to claim for a full refund of Deposit paid to the Developer in reliance of the Sales Form?</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="81bf" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(c) Whether the Deed of Revocation is valid and enforceable?</p></blockquote><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph sh si rl iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so sp sq sr ss st su sv sw sx sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="dc94" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">The solicitors for the Plaintiff/Purchaser submitted that:-</p><blockquote class="tc td te" style="background-color: white; box-shadow: rgb(41, 41, 41) 3px 0px 0px 0px inset; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding-left: 23px;"><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="fed5" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(a) The learned Judicial Commissioner in holding that the Purchaser in refusing to perform the SPA, has repudiated the SPA, and therefore the Developer elected to terminate the SPA, is plainly wrong because:-</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="e9cc" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(i) This was not pleaded by the Defendant in its pleadings;</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="fb86" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(ii) The learned Judicial Commissioner made a finding that is contrary to the testimony of witnesses;</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="2ed0" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(iii) In making a finding that the Purchaser has repudiated the SPA and the Developer has elected to terminate the SPA, the learned Judicial Commissioner referred to Clause 11 (1) (c) SPA.</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="33b4" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(iv) The 30-day notice requirement in Clause 11 (2) SPA has to be fulfilled before the Developer can terminate the SPA.</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="da74" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(v) Clause 11 is immaterial. The Developer never terminated the SPA. The precondition was never fulfilled.</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="a7aa" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(b) The Deed of Revocation should not be accepted because:-</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="4c80" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(i) it was not in compliance with Clause 11 (2) SPA, and is consequently not valid.</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="d82a" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(ii) it was never signed by the Defendant.</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="80fa" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(iii) There was no evidence to show that the Deed of Revocation was agreed by the Developer. RM8,916.68 was only refunded to the Purchaser after this Suit was commenced.</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="2125" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(c) On the Sales Form, 2 issues were raised:-</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="d1e9" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(i) Whether Clause (f) is applicable?</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="b694" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">There is no conflict between the Sales Form and the SPA, because it deals with a different situation — Sales Form caters to a cancellation by the Purchaser, while Clause 11 SPA deals with situation where termination by the Developer.</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="0410" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(ii) Does the SPA supersede the terms of the Sales Form?</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="633b" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">The Sales Form was intended to exist together with the SPA, therefore, there was no conflict between the SPA and the Sales Form.</p></blockquote><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph sh si rl iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so sp sq sr ss st su sv sw sx sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="169e" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">On behalf of the Developer, we submitted the following in relation to the SPA:-</p><blockquote class="tc td te" style="background-color: white; box-shadow: rgb(41, 41, 41) 3px 0px 0px 0px inset; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding-left: 23px;"><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="646d" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(a) The SPA took effect on 11.10.2017. Refer to PJD Regency (Federal Court Decision).</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="5655" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(b) The SPA, being a Statutory Agreement, prevails over the Sales Form.</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="81e5" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(c) The Sales Form is no longer applicable once the SPA is signed.</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="1960" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(d) If we were to refer to Clause (i) of the Sales Form, it “…will be construed with the provisions of the SPA…” and “in the event of any conflict, the provisions of the SPA shall prevail.”</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="018a" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(e) Clause (f) of the Sales Form states that “…in event of cancellation… charge 5% deposit as administrative fee and balance of deposit will be refunded.” However, Clause (f) catered for a scenario where the SPA has not been signed, because Clause (b) states that the Purchaser needs to sign the SPA in 7 days.</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="8d30" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(f) Further, the reference to the word “deposit” in Clause (f) should be read together with Clause (a) of the Sales Form, which states that the deposit refers to the sum of RM10,000 and not any other sum (that is in the SPA).</p></blockquote><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph sh si rl iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so sp sq sr ss st su sv sw sx sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="58ac" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">Further, on the Deed of Revocation, we submitted that if only a situation under Section 8A of the Housing Development (Control and Licensing) Act 1966 occurs, i.e., if the Developer abandons the project, then the Purchaser may terminate the SPA, subject to certain terms and conditions:-</p><blockquote class="tc td te" style="background-color: white; box-shadow: rgb(41, 41, 41) 3px 0px 0px 0px inset; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding-left: 23px;"><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="ab45" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any agreement, a purchaser shall at any time be entitled to terminate the sale and purchase agreement entered into in respect of a housing development which the licensed housing developer is engaged in, carries on, undertakes or causes to be undertaken if-</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="ab3b" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(a) the <span class="iy ic" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">licensed housing developer refuses to carry out or delays or suspends or ceases work for a continuous period of six months</span> or more after the execution of the sale and purchase agreement;</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="920d" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(b) the <span class="iy ic" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">purchaser has obtained the written consent from the end financier</span>; and</p><p class="sh si tf iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so tg sq sr ss th su sv sw ti sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="f142" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(c) the <span class="iy ic" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Controller has certified that the licensed housing developer has refused to carry out or delayed or suspended or ceased work for a continuous period of six months or more after the execution of the sale and purchase agreement</span>.</p></blockquote><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph sh si rl iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so sp sq sr ss st su sv sw sx sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="14ed" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(Case law has impliedly shown that a Deed of Revocation signed between parties may be used as a mode of such termination, notwithstanding that the Controller’s certification is not obtained. See <span class="iy ic" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Cemerlang Land Sdn Bhd v Ali bin Saat & Anor and other appeals [2018] 1 MLJ 331 Court of Appeal.</span>)</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph sh si rl iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so sp sq sr ss st su sv sw sx sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="d150" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">In the present case, it was the Purchaser who wanted to cancel the deal, in response to which the Developer had prepared the Deed of Revocation. Although the Deed of Revocation was not signed by the Developer, it was acted upon by the Developer when it refunded RM8,916.68 to the Purchaser.</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph sh si rl iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so sp sq sr ss st su sv sw sx sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="c354" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">Further, the Deed of Revocation is in compliance with Clause 11 SPA, as the substantive remedy is same, i.e., both Clause 11 SPA and Deed of Revocation provide that the Developer can forfeit 10% of the Purchase Price.</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph sh si rl iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so sp sq sr ss st su sv sw sx sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="1a7d" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">It was conceded that the Developer never issued any 30-day notice as required under Clause 11 (2) SPA, but the point here is, it would be futile for the Developer to issue any such notice, since it was the Purchaser who had decided to cancel the deal (although technically speaking he cannot do so) and he also went on to cancel the bank loan. Therefore, the 30-day notice is no longer necessary. The Developer has no other choice except to prepare the Deed of Revocation, which was duly signed by the Purchaser.</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph sh si rl iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so sp sq sr ss st su sv sw sx sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="070f" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">The Developer had a legitimate expectation that the SPA will be performed. It was only after 2 years of signing the SPA that the Purchaser decided not to continue with the purchase. Therefore, based on parties’ agreement, the Developer forfeited 10% of the Purchase Price RM67,038 and the legal fees borne by the Developer on behalf of the Purchaser, amounting to RM4,491.</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph sh si rl iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so sp sq sr ss st su sv sw sx sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="4ca4" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">The Learned Judicial Commissioner therefore correctly decided that the Appeal at the High Court should be allowed.</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph sh si rl iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so sp sq sr ss st su sv sw sx sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="43c9" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">Last but not least, if this Appeal is allowed, it would potentially create a floodgate in the housing industry, where the Purchaser can simply renege on a Schedule H SPA anytime, without having to deal with any repercussions.</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph sh si rl iy b sj sk fr sl sm sn fv so sp sq sr ss st su sv sw sx sy sz ta tb hw bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="ed3d" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">After listening to parties, the Court of Appeal unanimously decided that the applicable agreement has to be the SPA as prescribed, and not the Sales Form. When the Purchaser indicated his intention to cancel, the Developer had followed up with a Deed of Revocation. Therefore, the High Court was correct to point out that there was repudiation by the Purchaser, that the Developer decided to accept. A non-compliance of Clause 11 (2) SPA cannot invalidate the Deed of Revocation when the Purchaser has agreed to it. There is no appealable error, and the appeal is thereby dismissed with costs of RM5,000.00, subject to allocatur.</p>Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-4821045666629992262022-10-12T22:44:00.001-07:002022-10-12T22:44:55.836-07:00Bar Council Life Insurance for Members<p><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1U5jERmoFIA7Vrfk84d61sDT6kddLXef3/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Nomination Form</a><br /></p>Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-301123674924977232022-10-12T21:33:00.004-07:002022-10-12T21:34:01.772-07:00Application for Termination of Winding Up<p> <br />Mode: Summons in Chambers (Understanding: Notice of motion is only for those matters listed in the winding up rules), supported by Affidavit in Support</p><p>---</p><p>Lee Shih stated on 4.12.2017 that "The Companies Act 2016 only provides for the prescribed form under section 493 for lodging the court order for termination. This is found on the SSM website. The procedure for such termination would have to be governed generally under case law as well as the Winding Up Rules 1972. The winding up rules do not explicit set out the procedure for termination (and neither does it set out the stay procedure), but I am of the view that the application can be made by way of Summons in Chambers under Rule 6 read together with Rule 7 (2) of the Winding Up Rules.</p><p>---</p><p>So the story was, we applied by SIC, and proposed to make all payments to Insolvency Department. </p><p>Insolvency had no objections to a stay, pending their preparation of a report. </p><p>In the end, client had to pay fees of approximately RM115K to the Insolvency Department for the termination to be granted (fees charged by the Insolvency Department).</p><p>---</p><p>Moral of the story: Don't ignore demands from creditors, if you're wound up and wish to revive the company, it would be a more challenging task. </p><p>But we managed to get the Winding Up Order terminated within 1 month of its grant, which was not bad at all. </p><p><br /></p>Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-52711990896422521292022-10-06T21:14:00.008-07:002022-10-12T21:35:44.794-07:00Settlement Proposal1. We refer to the above matter, wherein we act for +++, the +++. <br /><br />2. We also refer to your letter dated +++ and the telephone conversation between +++. <br /><br />Strictly on a without prejudice basis, we are instructed by our client to propose the following terms and conditions, as full and final settlement of the above matter:- <br /><br />(a) Our client is agreeable to pay the sum of +++ to your client, as full and final settlement of the above matter (“Settlement Sum”). <br /><br />(b) The Settlement Sum shall be released to you as the solicitors for your client, as stakeholder on or before +++ subject to the following terms and conditions:- <br /><br />(i) Your client shall forthwith withdraw +++ upon receipt of the Settlement Sum by you as stakeholder; <br /><br />(ii) Upon the +++, you may proceed to release the Settlement Sum to your client; and <br /><br />(iii) Both parties shall bear their own costs in relation to the above matters. <br /><br />(c) This Settlement constitutes a full final settlement of all claims and/or liabilities between +++ and +++, and all Parties shall have no further claims and/or liabilities whatsoever against each other. <br /><br />4. Pending negotiation between Parties, we would be grateful if your client can hold +++ in abeyance. <br /><br />5. We trust you will impress upon your client that our client is prepared to resolve the above matter amicably and we would be grateful if you could revert with your client’s agreement on the above terms within seven (7) days from the date hereof. <br /><br />6. For the avoidance of doubt, our client expressly reserves all its rights. <br /><br /> Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-37154919434787823032021-09-10T03:59:00.002-07:002022-10-12T21:43:04.236-07:00Joint and Several Liability by Farina Hanim<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 15px;">In a relationship between a creditor and debtor, the issue of liability is always a cause of concern. This is made even more apparent when there is more than one debtor involved as the terms of liability is not necessarily clear. Among the popular issues of contention is whether the debtors’ liability is joint or joint and several. In this commentary, we will explore this artificial distinction through the recent Federal Court case of</span><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 15px;"> </span><strong style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px;">Lembaga Kumpulan Wang Simpanan Pekerja v. Edwin Cassian Nagappan @ Marie [2021] 1 LNS 928</strong><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 15px;">.</span></span></p><ol style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0.7em; text-align: justify;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Background facts</span></strong></li></ol><p style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">A suit was commenced by the Employee’s Provident Fund Board against a company and its directors, Edwin Cassian and one other, for the failure of their company to make employer contributions on behalf of its employees. A consent judgment was recorded where each of the three defendants agreed to pay arrears amounting to RM133,697.00 together with dividends and interests.</span></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">However, the judgment did not expressly specify the type of liability to be borne by them i.e. whether the defendants would be “jointly and severally” liable for the judgment sum.</span></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">When the defendants failed to comply with the terms of the judgment, the EPF Board commenced a bankruptcy action solely against Edwin Cassian who then applied to set aside the action which was allowed by the Senior Assistant Registrar of the High Court. An appeal to the judge in chambers was dismissed by the judge of the High Court.</span></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">On appeal to the Court of Appeal, the main point of contention by the EPF Board is for the court to read in the words “jointly and severally” as stipulated in Section 46 (1) of the Employees Provident Fund Act 1991 (“EPF Act”) into the judgment which reads as follows:</span></p><blockquote style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; border-left: 5px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 10px 20px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 17.5px; line-height: 1.25; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Joint and several liability of directors, etc</span></em></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 17.5px; line-height: 1.25; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">“<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Where any contributions remaining unpaid by a company</strong>, a firm or an association of persons, then, notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Act or any other written law, <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">the directors of such company</strong> including any persons who were directors of such company during such period in which contributions were liable to be paid, or the partners of such firm, including any persons who were partners of such firm during such period in which contributions were liable to be paid, or the office-bearers of such association of persons, including any persons who were office-bearers of such association during such period in which contributions were liable to be paid, as the case may be, <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">shall together with the company</strong>, firm or association of persons liable to pay the said contributions, <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">be jointly and severally liable for the contributions due and payable to the Fund.</strong>”</span></em></p></blockquote><p style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Despite the express statutory provision, this was unsuccessful in the Court of Appeal on the basis that the bankruptcy action commenced against Edwin Cassian was for the whole judgment sum, instead of <u style="box-sizing: border-box;">only</u> the portion owed by him.</span></p><ol start="2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0.7em; text-align: justify;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Federal Court decision and the diverging authorities before it</span></strong></li></ol><p style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The sole question posed before the Federal Court is on the point of law:</span></p><blockquote style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; border-left: 5px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 10px 20px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 17.5px; line-height: 1.25; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">“Whether this Court should give effect to the liability on a “joint and several” basis as provided under Section 46 of the Employees Provident Fund Act 1991 in a situation where “joint and several” were not specially stated in the court judgment.”</span></em></p></blockquote><p style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The court unanimously answered in the affirmative and to analyse the court’s reasoning behind this, we must dive into the diverging authorities before it:-</span></p><ul style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0.7em; text-align: justify;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Sumathy A/P Subramaniam v Subramaniam A/L Gunasegaran & Anor Appeal [2017] 6 MLJ 753</span></u></strong></li></ul><p style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">In Sumathy, the court took the view that where bankruptcy proceedings were simultaneously initiated against two judgment debtors, they could not both be held liable for the whole judgment sum if the judgment did not specify that liability was joint and several.</span></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">In other words, the court cannot insert the feature of “joint and several” liability if such phrase were never inserted into the judgment in the first place.</span></p><ul style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0.7em; text-align: justify;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Kejuruteraan Bintai Kindenko Sdn Bhd v Fong Soon Leong [2021] 2 MLJ 234</span></u></strong></li></ul><p style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">In Kejuruteraan Bintai, Fong and four other petitioners were ordered to pay cost of RM50,000 to the company. When this was not paid, Kejuruteraan Bintai commenced bankruptcy proceedings against Fong for the sum of RM50,000. This was challenged by Fong on the basis that since the order for cost never specified that liability was joint and several, he was only liable for an equal portion of the sum with the rest of the petitioners.</span></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Despite acknowledging the preponderance of judicial laws where unless stated otherwise, judgement debtors are regarded as jointly and severally liable under a judgment or order, the Court of Appeal abided by the doctrine of <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">stare decisis</em> and held that it is bound by the previous decision of Sumathy. The bankruptcy action was subsequently set aside.</span></p><ol start="3" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0.7em; text-align: justify;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Analysis in Edwin Cassian</span></strong></li></ol><p style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The Federal Court in its reasoning drew a distinction between the intertwined terms:</span></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Joint liability</strong>: Where two or more persons jointly promise to do the same thing. It refers to <u style="box-sizing: border-box;">one</u> obligation or promise and consequently, performance by one discharges all.</span></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Joint and Several liability</strong>: Where two or more persons jointly promise to do the same thing and also severally make separate promises to do the same thing.</span></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The important point to note is the difference in the number of promises made.</span></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Critically, the Federal Court emphasised that the term “joint liability” in a judgment does not render liability of each of the debtors to be halved or divided into equal portion according to his interest or obligation, <u style="box-sizing: border-box;">unless clearly and expressly stated to that effect</u>.</span></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The court went further and noted that although a judgment for joint and several liability does not prevent a creditor from bringing several actions against several debtors separately, if any of the debtors satisfies the whole judgment sum, the right of a creditor to bring an action against another is extinguished. This prevents double recovery by the creditor and addresses the issue of a creditor being “overpaid” in Sumathy.</span></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">In the instant appeal, Section 46 of the EPF Act has expressly made clear of the joint and several liability of the directors of a company for unpaid contributions and therefore must be fully implemented over the terms of the judgment.</span></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Fortunately, the law is even made clearer on account of Section 44 of the Contracts Act 1950 which provides as follows:</span></p><blockquote style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; border-left: 5px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 10px 20px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 17.5px; line-height: 1.25; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Any one of joint promisors may be compelled to perform</span></em></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 17.5px; line-height: 1.25; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">(1) When two or more persons make a joint promise, the promisee may, in the absence of express agreement to the contrary, compel any one or more of the joint promisors to perform the whole of the promise</span></em></p></blockquote><p style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">In short – all joint contracts essentially imposed complete accountability for the obligation on each of the promisors unless the contract expressly states otherwise. Therefore, when debts are incurred jointly, each promisor is responsible for the entire amount. There was no indication that a joint liability situation renders the obligation to be somehow halved or according to portion. This was the misconception that prevailed in Sumathy.</span></p><ol start="4" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0.7em; text-align: justify;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Conclusion</span></strong></li></ol><p style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">It is pertinent to note that the point of law in Edwin Cassian was decided in the context of Section 46 of the EPF Act which manifestly imposes joint and several liability. Nevertheless, adopting the court’s analysis above and by virtue of the statutory law provided in Section 44 of the Contracts Act 1950, it is reasonable to conclude that joint and several liability prevails in any contracts or agreement unless a judgment or order stipulates otherwise.</span></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">By: <a class="firmName" href="https://www.lexology.com/contributors/tay-and-partners" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-weight: 700; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Tay & Partners</a><span style="background-color: #efefef; color: #666666;"> - </span><a class="logclick ct_auth2" href="https://www.lexology.com/16843/author/Farina_Hanim/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Farina Hanim</a></span></p>Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-1843416973671713832021-04-19T19:11:00.003-07:002021-04-19T19:11:44.484-07:00Purchase Bar Council Sticker<p><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SNOpdJl7dIYJSe1sdOVJnbmtwNKqz7L1/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Letter of Authorisation Template :)</a><br /></p>Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-56243719259004582292020-05-01T05:22:00.004-07:002022-10-12T21:41:35.228-07:00Counter Settlement Proposal<div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Remember to mark it as WITHOUT PREJUDICE.</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">1. We refer to the above matter and to your letter dated 27 April 2020 (“Proposal”).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">2. Our client maintains that the amount due and owing by your client to our client is RM222,861.89 (“Outstanding Sum”) as claimed by our client in the Writ and Statement of Claim dated 9 January 2020. Our client is therefore not agreeable to the Proposal.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">3. Notwithstanding the above, our client is willing to settle the above matter amicably and instructed us to propose the following terms and conditions:-</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">(a) Your client should pay the sum of RM250,759.39 to our client as full and final settlement of the above matter. The particulars of the Settlement Sum are as set out in Annexure A and are briefly as follows:-</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">(i) Outstanding Sum of RM222,861.89; and</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">(ii) Interest at the rate of 5% per annum from the due date of the invoices until full and final settlement, amounting to RM27,897.50 (“Interest”),</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">(b) The sum of RM250,759.39 should be paid by your client to our client by 6 instalments as follows:-</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">(i) 1st instalment on 15 May 2020 RM41,385.91</div><div style="text-align: justify;">(ii) 2nd instalment on 15 June 2020 RM42,157.28</div><div style="text-align: justify;">(iii) 3rd instalment on 15 July 2020 RM42,388.87</div><div style="text-align: justify;">(iv) 4th instalment on 15 August 2020 RM40,697.50</div><div style="text-align: justify;">(v) 5th instalment on 15 September 2020 RM42,349.00</div><div style="text-align: justify;">(vi) 6th instalment on 15 October 2020 RM41,780.83</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">(c) The payment stated in paragraph 3 (b) above shall be made by 6 post-dated cheques all of which shall be payable to our client and forwarded to us, as solicitors for our client, on or before 14 May 2020 (“Post-Dated Cheques”).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">(d) In the event of default or non-payment of any one of the instalments as stated in paragraph 3 (a) to (c) above, the sum of RM222,861.89 (less actual amount paid) shall become immediately due and payable by your client to our client, and in this respect, our client shall be at liberty to commence legal proceedings against your client for the recovery of the sum of RM222,861.89 (less actual amount paid) together with interests, without further reference to your client, in which event, your client shall be fully and solely responsible for all further costs and interest incurred in the same.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">(e) Parties should enter a Consent Judgment within 7 days of your client’s acceptance of paragraphs 3 (a) to 3 (d) above.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">4. Kindly take note that the terms set out in paragraph 3 above are final and revert with your client’s agreement on the above terms on or before 11 May 2020, failing which this settlement proposal will automatically lapse. We look forward to your client’s favourable response.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">5. For the avoidance of doubt, our client expressly reserves its rights.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">6. Kindly acknowledge receipt of this letter and its enclosures.</div>Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-29991874634814294802020-03-23T07:53:00.000-07:002020-03-23T07:53:36.502-07:00How To Draft a Settlement Proposal<b><br />TIPS</b><br />
<ol>
<li>Remember to mark the proposal as WITHOUT PREJUDICE. Without prejudice means it cannot be produced as an exhibit in Court (unless the maker voluntarily discloses it first).</li>
<li>Identify what your client wants, how he/she wants it. </li>
<li>Identify what your client can offer to your opponent's client, how your client wants to do it, and when. </li>
<li>Include dateline to accept offer! </li>
<li>No further claims. </li>
<li>Expressly reserve your client's rights.</li>
</ol>
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<b>SAMPLE CONTENT</b><br />
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We refer to the above matter, to our letter dated [when] / telephone conversation between [who] and [who] on [when].</div>
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Strictly on a without prejudice basis, we are instructed by our client to propose the following terms and conditions, as full and final settlement of the above matter:- <br />
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(a) Your client should pay a sum of [amount] to our client, particulars of which are as follows:-<br />
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(i) A sum of [amount], being our client's initial share capital contribution.<br />
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(ii) A sum of [amount], being commission owed to our client for the period of [date]<br />
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(iii) A sum of [amount], being our client’s salary for the period of [date] to [date] or until date of the settlement.<br />
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(b) The payments stated in paragraph 2 (a) above shall be made by your client to us as solicitors of our client, on or before [date].<br />
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(c) In consideration of payment under paragraph 2 (a)(i) above, our client will transfer all its shares to a person nominated by your client. In this respect:-<br />
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(i) Kindly forward the relevant shares transfer form duly executed by your client to us for our client’s execution on or before [date]; and<br />
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(ii) Upon receipt of payment stated in paragraph 2 (a) above and within 5 days from the date of receipt of payment, we should forward the duly executed shares transfer form to you for your onward transmission to your client.<br />
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(d) In relation to paragraph 2 (a)(ii) above, your client is required to provide our client with the actual total number of sales which has been audited by your client’s auditor on or before [date].<br />
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(e) Our client should withdraw the above matter against your client with no liberty to file afresh and with no order as to costs.<br />
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(f) The above terms shall constitute full and final settlement of all claims, rights, actions and/or recourse that our client may have against your client, and your client may have against our client.<br />
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3. Kindly revert with your client’s agreement on the above terms on or before [date], failing which this settlement proposal will automatically lapse. We look forward to your client’s favourable response.<br />
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4. For the avoidance of doubt, our client expressly reserves all its rights.<br />
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Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-34737458574466247342019-09-13T08:23:00.008-07:002022-10-12T21:42:12.403-07:00How Garnishee Proceedings Work<div style="text-align: justify;">1. There must be a debt due or accruing due from the garnishee to the judgment debtor. What it does is essentially to make the Defendant's bank pay to you the debt that Defendant owes you (under banking law banks are your debtor/owe you money). See Order 49 of the Rules of Court.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">2. The steps are generally a writ and SOC, and if no appearance is entered by the Defendant, proceed to get a judgment in default of appearance.Or, if the Defendant enters appearance, proceed to Summary Judgment (if straightforward case, no triable issues) / Trial, obtain Judgment against Defendant.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">3. Once you get the Judgment, apply for Garnishee by Notice of Application and Affidavit.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">4. Court will grant an Order with a date for the Garnishee to Show Cause.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">5. Serve this on the Garnishee (ASAP) and the Defendant (7 days before Hearing of Order to Show Cause).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">6. Garnishee (bank) will produce a statement saying how much is in the Defendant's account that can be garnished. Sometimes where the amount in the account is not enough to cover your Judgment sum, then you can only garnish the sum that is available and recover the rest due and owing through other modes of execution.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">5. On the date to show cause, in the absence of Garnishee or Garnishee/Defendant has no objection, then court will grant a Garnishee Order Absolute.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">6. If the Defendant opposes, then you can forward few reasons to Court why the Garnishee Order should be made absolute, for example:-</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">(a) Plaintiff obtained Judgment against Defendant, Plaintiff should not be barred from enjoying the fruits of litigation.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">(b) Defendant did not appeal to the Judgment.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">(d) There is debt due or accruing due from the Garnishee to the Defendant, and Garnishee has no objections whatsoever to release the amount sought to be garnished to the Plaintiff.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">7. If Court grants Garnishee Order Absolute, serve the sealed Garnishee Order Absolute on the Garnishee bank and the Garnishee bank will pay the Plaintiff (or its solicitors) directly.</div><div><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaUjE4p4WkVSgK4PnfqssrL4PBPnusNhmjimSSg8rLS37GTxteQNxl7AbVsO9fsk6lS_e_gnTln5SK-DwhHcTUY3wZFM4Bv8uKlT-UeW4om8mKR5rwfHoBSRpNZpRxzM1PvqcZZ8o_PjTv9mj_ENlbPdTmP_AKsyE504SBH55bJyD3gWK9NmcX84Su/s770/uncontested%20garnishee.PNG"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaUjE4p4WkVSgK4PnfqssrL4PBPnusNhmjimSSg8rLS37GTxteQNxl7AbVsO9fsk6lS_e_gnTln5SK-DwhHcTUY3wZFM4Bv8uKlT-UeW4om8mKR5rwfHoBSRpNZpRxzM1PvqcZZ8o_PjTv9mj_ENlbPdTmP_AKsyE504SBH55bJyD3gWK9NmcX84Su/w640-h451/uncontested%20garnishee.PNG" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-46340779442012393682019-08-14T04:04:00.001-07:002019-08-14T04:04:54.572-07:00Civil Law (Amendment) Act 2019The Civil Law (Amendment) Act 2019 was published in the Gazette on 31 May 2019. There are a few major changes to note:<br />
<br />
1. Persons with disabilities - refer to meaning in Persons with Disabilities Act 2008. [1]<br />
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2. Previously, if a person has died caused by wrongful
act (neglect or default), under s7(2) only parents, spouse and child can claim. Now, it includes "any person with disabilities under the care" of the deceased.<br />
<br />
3. Previously, no loss of earnings (after death of person or after personal injury) shall be considered if his age exceeds 55. With the amendment, the age is increased to 60.<br />
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4. The upper limit of multiplier for loss of future earnings in a claim for damages (for both loss of dependency and personal injury) is increased to 60.<br />
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5. In relation to personal injury, good health before injury is NO LONGER a criteria of assessing loss of earnings, as long as he was working before death.<br />
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6. Bereavement is increased to RM30,000 - and now 'spouse', 'parents' and 'child' can claim (previously only spouse can claim if deceased was married, or parents can claim if deceased was under 18 and single).<br />
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_______________<br />
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[1] “persons with disabilities” include those who have long term
physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in
interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective
participation in society;Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-29806524674568139842018-09-26T09:39:00.000-07:002018-09-26T09:39:11.778-07:00First Time in KLHC<div style="text-align: justify;">
So what happened today was that Shermal got a call from <i>pihak atasan</i>, then came back with a list of printing materials with 280+ stuff on it. He threw the whole list to Yew Xian. Yew Xian was supposed to go to Shah Alam High Court with Grace as they were going to arrange some items there. But since Shermal is throwing his whole workload unto Yew Xian, he can't go. So I said perhaps I can help out. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Then 11.30am came, Grace and I went down to 6th floor, and we saw my master Mr Toi. And he was like, "where are you going Yin Chien?" and I was like <b>shit I forgot to ask my master's permission before I go. </b>So I told him I'm going to SAHC to help Grace arrange some files for the trial tomorrow. And he was like, "Oh, I was thinking of asking you to go court with me this afternoon at 2pm." And so I tried to find a replacement for myself but failed. So in the end Grace went alone, and I went to KLHC with Mr Toi. I feel super bad for Grace for having to do this alone. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The matter today was a hearing of an interlocutory injunction of GDSP. Basically the dispute between Datuk Lim Chee Wah suing on behalf of his late mother and the 2nd grandchild of the eldest son of Lim Goh Tong, Benjamin Lim, who was given 75% shares for free from his late grandpa. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
So what happened was BL kicked his grandma off the BOD, and is now trying to sell of 29/40 plots of land around Genting that belonged to the family company. What we were trying to argue is that there is a family arrangement that gives rise to quasi partnership, and the lands have special value to the family and damages is not an adequate remedy as the location and circumstances surrounding those lands are unique. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
The other side, represented by Izral & Partnership, were basically saying that LCW has no locus to sue as his late mother's POA did not give him such authority. And in any case, LCW cannot make an affidavit based on what is personal to his mother as it wouldn't have been in his knowledge. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
It's definitely an eye-opening experience. And I'm really grateful that my master was willing to let me tag along to KLHC.<br /><br />When we got back to the office, the bag that I borrowed from Iris got accidentally locked. And she didn't know her own password. We were dismayed but obviously the problem has to be solved cos Iris is having a court case tomorrow. So me and Michael tried the number combinations one by one (1000 combinations) but it still wouldn't open. Then everyone gave up and were resolved to get one of the Abangs to cut it open the next day. I really felt super bad at this point of time. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Then I went back down, tried all the numbers again from 1-1-0. And when I reached 1-1-8, it suddenly clicked open! Imagine my excitement! Everybody was saying I should go buy toto hahaha. So problem solved, and the bag was reset to 0-0-0.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
I owe Iris a meal for giving her a heart attack! XD</div>
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It was an eventful day, but thank God it ended on a positive note.</div>
Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-2556196339999925512018-09-23T02:09:00.001-07:002018-09-23T02:09:55.163-07:00Land Acquisition Cases<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Article 13(1): Accordance with Law</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<b>Ng Chin Siu & Sons Rubber Estate Sdn Bhd v Pentadbir Tanah Hilir Perak & Anor </b></div>
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[2013] MLJU 1590 COURT OF APPEAL (PUTRAJAYA) </div>
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Issue: Form D and E (mandatory procedure under LAA) issued to wrong entity. </div>
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Held: It was of no consequence that the respondents had in fact substantially complied with the essential provisions of the Land Acquisition Act 1960, that the appellant was not prejudiced because it was fully aware of the whole acquisition exercise or that it was open to the appellant to seek the remedy of a higher compensation for the said land. All these do not detract from the fact that the acquisition was not made in accordance with law and thus ipso facto null and void by virtue of Article 13(1) of the Federal Constitution.</div>
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<b>Ee Chong Pang & Ors v The Land Administrator Of The District Of Alor Gajah & Anor </b>[2012] MLJU 1366 COURT OF APPEAL (PUTRAJAYA)</div>
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<b>Issue: </b>Appellants contended that as a result of the failure of the State Authority to publish in the Gazette Form A, the land acquisition exercise was not carried out in accordance with the law. Thus the land acquisition by the State Authority was contrary to Article 13(1) and should be declared null and void.</div>
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<b>Judge's Opinion:</b> In this regard, we are in agreement with the view expressed by Gopal Sri Ram JCA (as he then was) in his dissenting judgment in Ng Kim Moi (P) & Ors v Pentadbir Tanah Daerah, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus (Negeri Sembilan Township Sdn Bhd & Anor, proposed intervenors)<a href="https://www.lexisnexis.com/my/legal/search/runRemoteLink.do?A=0.5041204741524002&bct=A&service=citation&risb=21_T27929881118&langcountry=MY&linkInfo=F%23MY%23MLJ%23vol%253%25sel1%252004%25page%25301%25year%252004%25sel2%253%25"> [2004] 3 MLJ 301</a> where his lordship said (at p. 328):</div>
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[74] The draft judgment of my learned brother accepts in entirety the appellants' contention that Form A was never issued and that Form E was never served. However, my learned brother has gone on to hold that issuance of Form A is not mandatory despite the imperative language of s 4(1). With respect, this approach disregards well settled principles of statutory construction. We are here dealing with a statute which is aimed at the prevention of arbitrary escheatment of proprietary rights, the protection of which the supreme law of the Federation guarantees as a fundamental right. To read mandatory provisions in such a statute in a generous and favourable manner towards those whose duty is to ensure their due observance is to condone and promote maladministration in a manner so important as the deprivation of property. It is a message from the judicial arm of the Government to bureaucrats that due compliance with mandatory provisions of the Act will produce no consequences for them. I am therefore unable in the face of compelling authority as I have found and cited in this judgment to accept an ipse dixit based on no authority that compliance with s. 4(1) is not mandatory.</div>
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<b>Held: </b>Based on the above judicial authority, the issuance of Form A under section 4(1) of the Act is mandatory and the failure of the State Authority to comply with this mandatory provision can only mean that the land acquisition exercise is not in accordance with the law.</div>
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<b><br />S KULASINGAM & ANOR v COMMISSIONER OF LANDS, FEDERAL TERRITORY & ORS [1982] 1 MLJ 204 </b><div>
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<b>Issue: </b>Tamil Association land to be acquired for building hockey stadium. It was argued that Article 13(1) FC would render any law providing for deprivation of property without a pre-acquisition hearing invalid.<br /><div>
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<br /><b>Held:</b> Acquisition could not be impugned on any ground of natural justice since the legislation imposed no obligation for any inquiry and hearing in respect of the acquisition. The legislature can by clear words exclude the principles of natural justice in the absence of specific constitutional guarantees and Article 13(1) in no way vitiates the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act. </div>
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<b>In a Nutshell:</b> Federal Court negatived right to pre-acquisition hearing under the LAA as a matter of natural justice, saying that there is nothing in the legislation imposing any such obligation in contrast to the specific provisions for an inquiry and hearing in respect of the quantum of compensation payable. </div>
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However, MP Jain said that, "Any argument that if one provision of a statute specifically stipulates natural justice and another provision therein is silent, then natural justice is impliedly excluded in the latter case, is now NOT accepted in other common law jurisdictions." See <b>SL Kapoor v Jagmohan </b>AIR 1981 SC 136; <b>Swadeshi Cotton Mills v Union of India</b> AIR 1981 SC 818. </div>
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In India, <b>Swadeshi Cotton Mills v Union of India</b> AIR 1981 SC 818, the court observed:</div>
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"The audi alteram partem rule ... is a very flexible, malleable and adaptable concept of natural justice. To adjust and harmonize the need for speed and obligation to act fairly, it can be modified and the measure of its application cut short in reasonable proportion to the exigencies of the situation. Thus, in the ultimate analysis, the question (as to what extent and in what measure) this rule of fair hearing will apply at the pre-decisional stage will depend upon the degree of urgency, if any, evident from the facts and circumstances of the particular case."</div>
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In Canada, in <b>Nicholson v Haldimand Norfolk Regional Board of Commissioners of Police</b>, a probationary constable in a municipality was dismissed without a hearing. There was a statutory provision requiring hearing only for those who crossed the probationary period, but not for one who was yet on probation. Still, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the probationer must be treated ‘fairly’. The consequences of dismissal to the concerned person were serious. The dismissal was thus quashed by the court. The moral of the case is that when a statute provides for hearing in one situation, but not in another, the court can still read the right of hearing in the latter situation on the ground of fairness. </div>
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Also, it is submitted that once the word ‘law’ in art 13(1) is read broadly so as to include natural justice therein, then natural justice becomes a constitutionally-guaranteed procedural safeguard and will have to be implied in every statute falling within the scope of art 13. The Constitution being the supreme law of the land, it will be beyond Parliament to dilute the effect of art 13 and exclude natural justice when a person is being deprived of his property.</div>
Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-68359810370272816682017-01-10T04:38:00.004-08:002017-01-10T04:38:28.154-08:00Banking Law Past Year Q&A<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><b>Discuss the principals, tests, standards, evolution in judicial changes in dishonest assistance to hold a banker liable as constructive trustee.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">In the constructive trustee and beneficiary relationship, the bank is liable as a constructive trustee if has </span><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">express notice about a person’s breach of trust</span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> and </span><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">is involved in the said breach.</span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">The trust exists </span><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">without any formality</span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> as long as these is a </span><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">fiduciary relationship</span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> between the constructive trustee and the beneficiary’s property. Constructive means in real fact no trust is created. But going to court the court look at the facts and building a trust. The reason the court invokes constructive trust is unconscionability. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">The case of </span><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Barnes v Addy </span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">lays down two heads of liability for constructive trustee: one based on receipt of trust property (knowing receipt) and the other on assisting with knowledge in a dishonest and fraudulent design (knowing assistance). As the question is with regards to dishonest assistance, the answer will focus solely on this topic.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">In the case of </span><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Rowlandson v National Westminister Bank</span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">, a grandmother by will left undated cheques for the benefit of her grandchildren. Somehow one of the trustees (uncle of beneficiaries) transferred the funds into his personal account. The bank is held liable for knowing assistance. If there had only been receipt of cheques, there is no trust responsibility of bank. However, since there is a trust account, bank has fiduciary relationship with the beneficiaries of the account.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Thus the elements of knowing assistance are: existence of trust, dishonesty of trustee, assistance of 3</span><sup><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; vertical-align: super;">rd</span></sup><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> party (bank) and bank’s level of knowledge.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Initially, Baden v Societe Generale identified 5 categories of knowledge subject to much debate.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">These 5 categories are </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">I. Actual knowledge</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Ii. Knowledge but for willfully shutting one’s eye</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Iii.. knowledge but for willfully failing to inquire when reasonable man would inquire</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Iv. Knowledge of circumstances that would indicate breach to reasonable man</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">V. Knowledge that would put honest and reasonable man on inquiry</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">123 is actual knowledge, while 45 is constructive notice.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">In </span><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Selangor United Rubber v Craddock</span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> the bank gave a loan to the company to buy its own shares. This is prohibited under Companies Act 1965. Bank clerk was present when handed the loan cheque but he did not know what was happening. Even though it did not have actual knowledge of Craddock</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">’s fraud, the bank had failed to make inquiry as a prudent banker would have. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Applying the constructive notice, the court held that the bank was liable for knowing assistance. This is a harsher test for bankers.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Ungoed Thomas J held that imposing liability on constructive trustee not only involve actual but also constructive knowledge. Court applied </span><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">4 5 of the categories of knowledge</span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">A similar situation existed in </span><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Karak Rubber Co Ltd</span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Later, in </span><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Belmont Finance v Williams Furniture</span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">, the court criticized Selangor United Rubber, and said that for a constructive trustee to be liable, he must know of the fraudulent design. The level of </span><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">knowledge required is 123</span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> in Baden (actual knowledge). </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">This is brought one step further in </span><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale</span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">. In this case, a partner of a firm had drawn money from client’s account and used it for gambling. The branch manager was aware that the partner had been gambling and had accounts in other banks. He recorded notes of meeting with the partner and told him that he did not believe the partner’s gambling activities were controlled activity. At one time, draft payable to firm fell in the hands of partner, and he endorsed it direct to the club for gambling. Pf sought to recover the money from the bank and the club. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">It was held that for one to be held liable for knowing assistance, there must be </span><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">123 + dishonesty </span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">or conscious impropriety or lack of probity on part of the bank.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">However, things changed in </span><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Royal Brunei Airlines v Philip Tan</span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">.</span><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">In this case, appellant </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">appointed Borneo Leisure Travel </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Sdn Bhd (BLT) to act as its general travel agent for the sale of passenger and cargo transportation. BLT was supposed to account to the airline all the amounts received from the sale of tickets. One Mr Tan = the managing director and principal shareholder of BLT, permitted the use of money for its ordinary purposes, paying salaries, overheads and other expenses and keeping down its bank overdraft. BLT went into arrears and proved to be insolvent, airline brought action against respondent to recover unpaid money. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Principles that arise from this case are: </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">I. Dishonesty is a necessary ingredient of accessory liability - use objective std - see the circumstances known to the 3P at the time, look at personal attributes of 3P (experience and intelligence) - other banks same scenario, dishonest or not?</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Ii. Not necessary to show trustee dishonest - depart from Belmont case, as trustee will be liable in any case even if acted innocently.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Iii. ‘knowingly’ be avoided - Baden’s 5 point scale best forgotten</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Twinsectra v Yardley </span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">used a combined test, and followed in </span><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">CIMB Bank </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Bhd v Maybank Trustees Bhd and other appeals</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Lord Hutton (Twinsectra case) - Combined test :</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Combination of objective test and subjective test,</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">1) Defendant's conduct was dishonest by the ordinary standards of reasonable and honest man</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">2) He himself realised that by those standards his conduct was dishonest</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">However, later </span><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Barlow Clowe v Eurotrust</span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> restated the objective test in </span><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Royal Brunei Airlines.</span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> The court held that a solicitor who helped his client commit a breach of trust is dishonest, notwithstanding that he himself did not realize that others would have considered his acts as dishonest. He was living by a different moral code, who took exaggerated notion of dutiful service to his client. The key passage in judgment said that dishonest assistance requires a dishonest state of mind on the person who assisted the breach. This dishonest state of mind can be knowledge that the transaction is one he cannot participate in, or suspicion combined with a conscious decision not to make an inquiry. Thus, dishonest state of mind is subjective, but the STANDARD BY WHICH THE COURT DECIDES WHETHER IT IS DISHONEST IS OBJECTIVE.</span><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-6094902209238188952015-12-18T07:04:00.000-08:002015-12-18T07:04:06.505-08:00Where Goods Perish In Transit<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0FGN7V9WyKWxrBTit7tukJf6VF2PbNeRExL-hmA6pLWBz6JdtWSAmzGcWgv8Qu4TumVp5qE4Y4LqTVOVMmoSkFBYxOZvsDFw8ybAF0BEXTIba1-nwuBZyUiecb8YEVJZr7njIIBqsSSQ/s1600/where+goods+perish+in+transit.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0FGN7V9WyKWxrBTit7tukJf6VF2PbNeRExL-hmA6pLWBz6JdtWSAmzGcWgv8Qu4TumVp5qE4Y4LqTVOVMmoSkFBYxOZvsDFw8ybAF0BEXTIba1-nwuBZyUiecb8YEVJZr7njIIBqsSSQ/s640/where+goods+perish+in+transit.png" width="619" /></a></div>
<br />Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-86310442597380548432015-07-25T07:41:00.003-07:002015-07-25T07:42:21.483-07:00Loan Agreement Cum Assignment (15 marks)<div class="MsoNormal">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><b>Discuss the legal position of loan agreements cum assignments, and any problems which may arise in relation thereto, with reference to the relevant case law.</b></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><b>What is LACA?</b></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">LACA usually arises where there is no separate individual title yet, and a financial institution cannot issue a charge, so it gives borrower a loan on the execution of LACA.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<b>Issues:</b><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><u>#1 WHETHER ABSOLUTE OR CHARGE ONLY?</u></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">S4(3) Civil Law Act states that for a loan to constitute LACA: </span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">the assignment must be absolute </span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Nouvau Mont Dor (M) Sdn Bhd v Faber Development Sdn Bhd</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">- whether or not an agreement is an absolute one, not purporting to be by way of charge only, within the meaning of s 4(3) of the CLA</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">- gather from 4 corners of the instrument itself</span><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">the assignment must be in writing & signed by the assignor</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">assignee must give notice to the debtor</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">not purporting by the way of charge</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">If by way of charge, assignor qualified to sue housing developer.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">But if absolute assignment, problematic for the buyer if developer defaulted.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><u>#2 WHETHER ASSIGNOR HAS RIGHTS TO SUE?</u></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Homebuyer buys property from developer, no individual separate title yet. Bank would want them to execute deed of assignment. Assign rights of purchaser under SPA to the bank. Equitable interest, but is contractual right. Because no separate individual title, purchaser cannot create a charge in favour of bank.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Although the purchaser signed SPA, rights invested in bank. Confer power of attorney on the lender so that lender given power to deal with property on your behalf, able to sell property on default of repayment. That’s why issue arise when default on housing developer, does purchaser still have locus standi to bring case against developer without concurrence of bank?</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><u>Does assignor have right to sue developer in case of developer late delivery/faulty workmanship?</u></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">If absolute assignment under s4(3), only the assignee can sue the developer/debtor, not the assignor (cos already assigned all his rights and has no more right to sue).</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Assignor has to persuade the assignee to personally sue the developer or sue in the name of the assignor. In most cases, the assignee bank will be reluctant to do so and it is always a time-consuming process to get the assignee to agree to this course of action, much to the advantage of the developer</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">However, Look at Housing Developer (Control and Licensing) Amendment Act - purchaser has right to sue developer if default unless in assignment expressly stated need to get consent of assignee.</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">FC in Nouvau Mont Dor (M) Sdn Bhd v Faber Development Sdn Bhd [1984] 2 MLJ 268 and Hipparion (M) Sdn Bhd v Chung Khiaw Bank Ltd [1989] 2 MLJ 149 held: clause in question is absolute assignment clause under s 4(3) CLA, notwithstanding would later be converted into a legal charge under the National Land Code 1965 (“NLC”) upon issuance of the individual title.</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">unfair to the assignor if the assignee refuses to sue the developer</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">especially when thousands of apartment and condominium units without individual strata titles were sold in Malaysia, and loans were secured by LACA similar to the one in Nouvau Mont Dor</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">takes years before strata titles are issued when the assignments are then converted into a legal charge under the NLC which would then confer the assignor now a chargor the right to have direct recourse against the developer.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><u>What if assignor default in loan repayment?</u></span><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">absolute assignee bank can dispose of the property by way of assignment to a third party with notice to the developer and without the concurrence of the assignor borrower – assignor rights not guaranteed</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><u>What about assignment given by company?</u></span><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Requires registration as a charge under s 108(3)(e) of the Companies Act 1965 because it is an equitable mortgage (see Chuah Eng Khong v Malayan Banking Berhad [1998] 3 MLJ 97); otherwise the charge will be void against the liquidator and any creditor of the assignor. (s 108(1) Companies Act 1965.)</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><u>#3 WHETHER SHOULD BE TREATED AS EQUITABLE CHARGE / EQUITABLE MORTGAGE?</u></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Should not be treated as equitable charge. Difference lies in document of title.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">FC: there was title in Arunasalam Chetty (equitable charge), in Chuah Eng Kong & Phileo - no title - mortgage - no legal estate - cannot have said to have acquired equitable charge, where there is title, and it is possible to create a charge.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Chuah Eng Kong v Malayan Banking - LACA under which a borrower assigns absolutely his rights, title and interest under SPA is equitable mortgage. Different from an equitable charge where IDT has already been deposited with the lender.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Malayan Banking v Zahari Ahmad - NLC does not prohibit the creation of equitable charges and based on a body of authorities, Malaysia land law recognize equitable charges. In this case, the loan agreement and the deed of assignment between the parties created an equitable charge both in form and substance; the bank was an equitable charge as the IDT was yet to be issued.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><b>FINALLY。。。</b></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Phileo Allied Bank v Bupinder Singh (FC) - described as equitable mortgage</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Court should give effect to contract between parties, in relation to whether lender needs to get an order from court to sell the property. By POA, assignee has been given the power to handle the property, without need to get an order from court – can sell by private treaty.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">LACA not possible to create charge yet cos no issuance of IDT, so should be treated as equitable mortgage, bank only acquire equitable interest, no title.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">In conclusion, the latest position of LACA under the Malaysian land law is being recognised as an equitable mortgage but ONLY enforceable contractually. Under an absolute assignment, the rights, title and interest of the assignor in respect of the property under the sale and purchase agreement are transferred to the assignee.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Thus, the assignee is entitled to do anything once notice of default and notice of remedy has been issued to the assignor, including selling the property without obtaining a judicial order. However, by not requiring the sale to be judicially endorsed, the interests of the borrower would be left unprotected in the event of a default as the courts can no longer protect the borrower from any wrongful sale of the land.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-33547518178520794362015-06-25T21:19:00.004-07:002015-06-25T21:21:48.531-07:00Criminal Law II Answering Guidelines<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Disclaimer: </b>For sharing with juniors. My foolproof answering guideline for criminal law. No guarantees of A, for that you'll have to work harder than study this 10 pages worth of notes, but I think you'll pass with this. </span></i><br />
<br />
<b><span lang="EN-US">KIDNAPPING<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">S363 -
<7 years +fine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">S361 – kidnap from lawful guardianship<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Elements:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#1 Age of
kid – Jamaluddin Hashim – PP must est prima facie evidence of age<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Here boy
14, girl 16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
#2 Lawful
guardian – DPP v Abdul Rahman - refer s5 GIA – both parents</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">#3 AR – takes/entice minor out of
keeping of lawful guardian <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Dalchand – no need force, taking
without express consent of guardian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Neelakandan – love can be
blandishment that forms <u>enticement<o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Chajju Ram – distance of taking
does not matter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">*Generally guardianship of Muslim
with dad, though boy <7y/o or girl before akil baligh custody with mom<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">*Guardianship of Infants Act already
adopted by all States, so can apply to Muslim.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">*Exp s361 guardian incl person
lawfully entrusted with care and custody #Syed Abu Tahir (can be mom)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
* just have to prove that the person from whom the child was
removed was "entrusted with the care and custody of that child".<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
*Exception only for illegitimate child<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#4 MR – intention
(to do #3 without consent)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
#Jaganada
Rao v Kamaraju – Df was consented by the girl’s father to taking care of her
while she stays in sister’s house, but it does not extend to marrying her off</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">See whether
aggravated:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">S365
– kidnap with intent to secretly and wrongfully confine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">AR – Kidnap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">MR –
intention to secretly and wrongfully confine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#Akbar Ali
v Emperor – Df argued not ‘secretly’ cos victim’s cousins knew of her location<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">S366
– compel marriage</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#Wahab
Osman v PP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">S368
– wrongfully concealing or keeping in confinement<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">AR -
Wrongfully conceal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">MR –
Knowledge<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#Emperor v
Zamin – Df must know of the kidnapping <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">MURDER<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Death:
Wawan Sarego v PP – victim already died, death caused by Df<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">No break in
causation: R v Smith – no intervening factors<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">S300(a) <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">AR – act by
accused that caused death <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">MR -
intention to cause death<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#Tan Buck
Tee – 5 substantial wounds to heart and liver caused by heavy sharp weapon
shows intention<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#Khairul
Anwar Zakaria – stab wounds to heart and lungs can cause instant death<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#Tan Chew
Bok – stab mouth with kitchen knife passing through back of head – intention to
kill<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#Tham Kai
Yau – death most probable result<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">300(c) <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">AR – must
have bodily harm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#Virsa
Singh – must present, caused by Df<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">MR –
intention cause bodily harm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#Virsa
Singh – not accidental<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#Tan Hoi
Hung – conscious forming in mind action to bring intended result<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#Brij
Bhukan – can be assessed cumulatively<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Sufficient
in ordinary nature to cause death (objective test)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#Virsa
Singh – based on medical opinion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Exception to murder <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Exception
1: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Grave
and sudden provocation – Sameer Klom Klom <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Caused
by accused – Ikau Anak Mail<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Deprived
of self-control (reasonable man) Ghulam Mustafa Ghano<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Act
done while lose control (cooling off? Selvaraju Mudaliar 20 hours.
Proportionate?)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US">Take into acc r/s – if husband and wife – Mat Sawi v PP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Exception
2: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Not
sought by Df – Wong Kim Poh failed as he was the one who stabbed the victim<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Harm
towards Df self or ppt – wong teck choy – victim 14 feet away from Df, no
weapon – no threat to justify Df shooting victim with pistol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">No
other reasonable way – Chung Chek Chen – Df said victim threaten to hit him if
meet again, he go buy 2 knives to protect. Then victim attacked him, he stabbed
victim to death. Threat not enough to raise threat towards Df’s life or body. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Necessity
to cause death – Wong Teck Choy – shooting someone who uttered vulgar words
more than necessary<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">In
good faith s52 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Exception
3: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">In
good faith<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Lawful
and necessary to discharge duty as public servant – Dakhi Singh – Df police
constable, tried to capture thief who ran away, shot thief but accidentally hit
victim.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Without
ill-will towards victim<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Exception
4: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sudden
fight - ramasamy sebastian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Without
premeditation – awang radhuan awang bol (fail)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">In
heat of passion – hanie hamid – fight in burger stall – no opportunity to cool
off<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">No
undue advantage – mohd kunjo (got undue advantage cos take exhaust pipe beat
victim’s head, victim fall to ground continue beating until he died)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">INFANTICIDE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">S309B 20
twenty years, fine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">S309A <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Df
– birth mother, victim – baby, Infanticide Act UK – within one year old<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Murder
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">At
the time of omission not fully recovered from effect of giving birth #Zamihiyah
v PP <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Balance
of mind disturbed - puerperal psychosis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">DEATH BY NEGLIGENCE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">S304A – 2
years or fine or both<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">MR – act of
Df which caused death <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">AR – rash
or negligent<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#Sudalaimuthu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#Mahfar
Sairan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">S41(1) RTA <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">2<X<10
years jail<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">5K – 20K<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">AR –
driving motor vehicle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">MR –
reckless / speed / manner in which whole circumstances danger to public
#Zulkifli Omar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">RAPE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Df – male,
Victim – woman #Corbett v Corbett<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">AR – Insert
penis into labia – must know for sure is the Df’s penis - PP v Nasrul Annuar (fail to prove)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">MR – s375(b) without consent <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Teo Eng Chan – s90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"> #Augustine Foong – lack of resistance not
consent, difference between consent and submission<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Result of crime – sex<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">S375A – PP v N<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">S377A - #Anwar Ibrahim v PP –
sodomy, MR presumed #Sukma Darmawan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">S377D – outrage decency #Ng Huat –
no clear limit to define<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Sukma Darmawan – for allowing Anwar
to insert penis into his anus, MR presumed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">ROBBERY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">S392 <
14 yrs + fine/whip<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">S390(1) in
all robbery is theft/extortion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span lang="EN-US">S390(2) theft is robbery – prove theft! <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Must
voluntarily cause or attempt to cause death / hurt / wrongful restraint / fear
of instant death / instant hurt / instant wrongful restraint (illus A)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#Chen Chong
– 3 ppl overtake lorry, block passage, pointed gun at victim ask him to get
out, later drive lorry away – put in fear of hurt<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">In
committing theft/carry away ppt: #Kalio Kelio – if hurt cause to run away not
robbery<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US">THEFT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">S379 - < 7 years / fine / both (if prove
robbery no need this)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">S378 elements<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(i)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Moveable
ppt – s22 – R v Lim Soon Gong<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(ii)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Take
out of possession of any person <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Prove possession, even if not in
owner’s own possession can still be regarded as his possession if wife, clerk,
servant s27 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">No need to take out of possession
permanently<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Pyare Lal Bhargava –
officer in civil service, took file containing info from office, brought home.
Allowed someone else to take few papers from file and replaced with other
papers, then bring back to office. Court held guilty for theft even though only
take out of possession temporarily.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(iii)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Without
consent – s90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(iv)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">AR
– move property in order to such taking<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Exp
2-4, illus (a)-(c)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(v)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">MR
– intention to take dishonestly<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">S24, 23, KN Mehra – Df drove plane
without permission, for own use, wrongful loss to owner of plane. Talha – no
dishonesty if Df is beneficial owner as is his right.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">See if can
aggravate form (if robbery no need this)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">s379A theft
of motor vehicle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">s380 theft
in dwelling house <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">building
- #Gurdit Singh <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">vessel
(s48 anything in conveyance by water) - #Gurusamy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">tent<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">s381 theft
by clerk or servant of property in possession of master<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">s382 theft
after preparation made for causing death or hurt in order to commit theft<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span lang="EN-US">S390(3) extortion is robbery – prove extortion!<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Where Df
caused fear of instant death / instant hurt / instant wrongful restraint to
victim or someone else, induces person to deliver thing extorted (illus c) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#Subramaniam
– Df put knife at victim’s stomach before taking ring, bangle and necklace. Occurred
at night. Court held liable for robbery.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US">EXTORTION <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">S384 – 10 years / fine /
whipping / any two combo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">S383 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">#1 AR: Put in fear of
injury to victim or any other person<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">Illus a – to victim<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">Illus b – to some other
person<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">Injury – s44 harm
illegally caused - body mind reputation
property<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">Illegal – s43 anything
which is an offence, or prohibited by law<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">LEGAL:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Vincent Lee – threaten
to arrest a victim who was using drugs. Df was police. Threat to arrest made in
carrying out legal duty.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">ILLEGAL:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US"> #Ling Kai Huat – Df police, threaten victim to
give him amount of $ for not taking action towards victim who operated business
w/o license.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">#2 MR: Intention<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">Threat made must compel
victim to deliver property to Df<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">Property must be
valuable security (s30 – legal right created)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">Must be induced
dishonestly – must prove Df intend to cause wrongful loss to victim<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">When ppt passed from
victim to Df, must be induced by fear of injury to self<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Abdul Wahab Mohd Noor –
Victim had informed the matter to Badan Pencegah Rasuah before hading over the
RM200 to Df. Court held in this case, passing of ppt not induced by fear,
therefore no extortion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">See if can upgrade (if
discuss robbery no need)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">S386 extort put person
in fear of death or grievous hurt<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">S385, 387, 388, 389 is
put in fear in order to commit extortion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">No extortion yet, but fear already
arise, no passing of ppt yet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">GANG ROBBERY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">S395 -
<20 years + whip<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">S400 –
being a member of gang of robbers - <20 years + whip<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">S402 –
assembly for purpose of committing gang-robbery<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#Talib bin
Haji Hamzah – must show assembly is for purpose of gang-robbery<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">S394, s396<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">S397 –
robbery when armed or with attempt to cause death or grievous hurt<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#Muda
Zainal – s397 is not intended to create a gang robbery offence distinct from
s395, cos punishment under s395 is heavy enough, while s397 does not list down
additional punishment. Limited to robbery using weapon, more serious, whipping
can be imposed in addition to other punishment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#Tan Chew
Man – Dfs charged under s34/ As s397 non-substantive, can only use additional
to s394, used on person who committed crime, not the others.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">DISHONEST MISAPPROPRIATION OF PPT (CMA)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">S403 – 6
months < x < 5 years + whip + fine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#1 - Ppt x
belong to Df<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Khairuddin Hj Musa -
$ belongs to Bank Rakyat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Tuan Puteh v Dragon –
cheque belong to company<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Sinnathamby – stones
belong to quarry JKR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#2 – AR - Misappropriate
or convert for <u>own use</u> (permanent / temporary not important) / cause any
person to dispose of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Sohan Lal –
misappropriate – set apart to wrong person, must be dishonestly<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">#K – misappropriate and
convert to own use RM109975 belonging to Bank Rakyat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">#TP – forged owner’s sign on cheque
to withdraw $ (failed attempt), although there was no conversion since he did
not manage to encash the cheque, he clearly misappropriated the cheque when he
dishonestly attempted to encash it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">Exp 1 – temporary also CMA. Defence
of return in future cannot apply.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#3 – MR: Dishonestly<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">S409B(1) – assume dishonest<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#4 – see if
can upgrade – s404 – must prove ppt belongs to the deceased @ time of death<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">CRIMINAL BREACH OF TRUST<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">S406 -
<10 years + whip + fine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">S405 –
defines CBT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#1 –
Property – include moveable s22 and non-moveable - #Dalmia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#2 –
Entrustment of ppt / entrustment with dominion over ppt (argue both together)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Must
have trust relationship – see illus (a) (b) (c) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">CLIENT
ACCOUNT #Gnanasegaran Pararajasingam – hold money on behalf of client<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">FIRM
ACCOUNT #Lee Siong Kiat – partnership –
relationship of trust and confidence – one of them may be entrusted with
property on behalf of partnership<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#Sinnathamby
– Df is worker of Jabatan Kerja Raya, given power to the stones in his
employer’s quarry<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#Wickrasooriya
– Df is accountant for Sime Darby, CBT for misusing money accepted on behalf of
company<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">In
trust r/s, must have dominion over ppt – enables him to misuse the ppt / agst
law or trust<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dominion:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">- Sufficient control over the property <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Chang Lee Swee v PP - A (executive director in
charge of financial affairs) was not in the position to manage the funds of the
company without overall control of Tan and was therefore not entrusted with or
had complete dominion over its funds.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">#PP v Lawrance Tan Hui Seng - To prove
entrustment with dominion over that property, must establish that dominion was
the result of entrustment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">*Note: for dominion to establish, usually have entrustment first, as in Sinnathamby.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">But if you want to prove mere entrustment only also can.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Other
situation – no requirement in law regarding creation of trust<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Gan Beng – Df borrowed bicycle, promised to
return within 2 hours but not returned until day of trial<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Chin Wah – Df borrowed necklace from
complainant for wife to wear, no return.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#2 AR – one
of the following, MR is underlined:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(i)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-US">Dishonestly</span></u><span lang="EN-US">
misappropriates for own use - S409B(1) – assume dishonest <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(ii)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Dishonestly
convert for own use<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(iii)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Dishonestly
use or dispose in violation of any law prescribing mode of discharge<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Yeoh Teck Chye –
approving OD against mode money is to be discharged<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Gnanasegaran
Pararajasingam – lawyer misuse compensation payment belonging to client which
was banked into client’s account. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Sathiadas – offence
complete when dishonest misappropriation for in violation of law prescribing
mode to be discharged<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(iv)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Dishonestly
use or dispose against legal contract prescribing discharge of trust –
#Jaswantrai Manilal - wl, wg in disposal of ppt<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(v)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-US">Willfully</span></u><span lang="EN-US">
suffers any other person so to do<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Yeow Fook Yuen & Anor -
evidence that money was misappropriated by the 2nd A with the 1st A’s approval
and knowledge, the 1st A also failed to show that he bona fide believed that
the he the had lawful authority to make these loans to the 2nd A. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#4 Whether
can upgrade to aggravated form<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">S408 CBT by
clerk or servant<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">S409 CBT by
public servant (s21) #Gnanasegaran or agent (s402A) #Chong Chiew Nam – court
clerk, accept summons before entering to Federal Govt’s account.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">RECEIVING STOLEN PROPERTY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">S411 – <
5 years or fine or both<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">[Elements –
dishonestly (s24,23), receive/retain stolen property, knowing/RTB is stolen
ppt.]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#1 – prove
is stolen ppt – s410(1), s410(2)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#2 – AR:
dishonestly receive/retain stolen ppt<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 41.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(i)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">State
dishonestly – s24,23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 41.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(ii)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Prove
possession <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 41.25pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Hong Ah Huat - Physical ability to manage a thing
according to own will<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 128.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Implied
control and conscience of the thing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 128.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Accused
must know and realize presence of thing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Tan Kee Poh – Bring police to place where
stolen ppt hidden x enuf 2 prove possession, more so if place x exclusively
belong to Df.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Wong Kia Heng – Df who has possession must gv
exp how goods come into his possession, if no rsnble exp, regard as stolen ppt.
Exp must arise genuine & rsnble doubt to exculpate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 41.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(iii)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Prove
is stolen property<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 41.25pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US"># Albakhar – PP failed
to prove orchid in Df’s house is stolen ppt<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 41.25pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Ajendranath – no need
to prove thief convicted b4 Df found guilty for receiving stolen ppt.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#3 – MR:
Know/RTB is stolen ppt<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Court will
look at facts of case<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#Ahmad
Ishak – cheque was given by someone who does not usually deal with cheques in
working capacity, cheque not written with name of the person who pledged it to
Df – RTB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#Razalitono
– Df has RTB is stolen PPT cos lower than market $ and x explained why so by
seller.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">CHEATING <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">S417 – <
5 years or fine or both <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#1 AR –
deceiving any person <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(i)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">#Seet
Soon Guan – as long as Df acts with intention to deceive AND by that deception,
accrue advantage to himself, loss to
someone else<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Low Cheng Swee –
dishonest concealment of fact is deception (Exp 1)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Khoo Kay Jin – make
post-dated cheque when he knows acc x sufficient balance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Shalby Ahmad – a misrep
is a deception<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Mohd Jalani – caused by Df to
induce – can be words or conduct<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">#2 MR –
either one, (a) or (b) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Fraudulent
s25/dishonest s24,23 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US">Effect: induce person deceived to deliver ppt/consent any person retain
ppt<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US">#Low Cheng Swee – Df insured car with 2 insurance companies, made claim
and both awarded him compensation. Liable for cheating as dishonestly conceal
info from companies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Intention<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US">Effect: induce person to do/omit to do, this act/omission cause or
likely to cause damage or harm to any person’s body, mind, reputation, property
(s44 type of injury)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US">#Balboo Khan – not fall under s415(b) cos need to prove victim was
deceived and victim suffered loss/damage. Here dad deceived into letting son
operated in the eye by Df, the boy suffered damage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US">#Mohd Jalani - The person who by deceiving another intentionally induces
the person so deceived to do an act although the deceiver have not acted
fraudulently or dishonestly<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<b><span lang="EN-US">OTHER: CHEATING BY IMPERSONATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US">S419 - < 7 years or fine or both<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US">S416 – pretending to be some other person / by knowingly substituting
one person for another / representing he is some other person<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US">#1 Need to prove cheating in s415 first (follow above)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US">#2 R v Barnard <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US">The court held that where a person at Oxford, who is not a member of the
University, goes to a shop for the purpose of fraud, wearing a commoner’s cap
and gown, and obtain goods, this appearing in a cap and gown is a sufficient
cheating although nothing passed in words.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US">#3 Balboo Khan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<b><span lang="EN-US">FORGERY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US">S465 – 2 years or fine or both<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US">S463 – def. forgery<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US">#1 – AR: make false document<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(i)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Whole
or part of doc is false<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Dato Haji Harun Idris:
Court held meeting minutes (whole/part) is false doc in order to defraud FNCB
to release a promissory note to Tinju Dunia SB.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Hoo Chee Keong (No.2) –
use fake credit card<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">#United Asian Bank Bhd v
Tai Soon Heng Construction – Df forged signature on 97 company cheques and
withdraw money from company account<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(ii)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Forged
dishonestly/fraudulently according to one of the ways in s464<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Dato Haji Harun Idris – s464(a)
Fraudulently/dishonestly signs doc, intent to cause FNCB to believe it was
signed by bank authority<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">#2 – MR: intention<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Choose either one effect:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(i)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">To
cause damage/injury to public/any person<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(ii)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">To
support any claim/title<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(iii)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">To
cause person part with ppt<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(iv)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">To
enter exp/imp contract<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(v)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">To
commit fraud/facilitate fraud<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">#Dato Haji Harun Idris (ii), #Hoo Chee Keong
(iii)/(iv)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-36496144316894861352015-06-16T04:00:00.001-07:002015-06-16T04:09:59.452-07:00An Overview of the Cross-Dressing Case (Court of Appeal)<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><i>Muhamad Juzaili bin Mohd Khamis v Government of State of Negeri Sembilan </i></b><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;">[2015] MLJU 65</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<b><u><span style="font-family: inherit;">Brief facts</span></u></b><br />
<br />
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The appellants were male Muslims suffering from Gender Identity Disorder (GID), as testified by medical practitioners.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In 1992 NS state legislature enacted the Syariah Criminal Enactment. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">S 66 of Syariah Criminal Enactment makes it an offence for any Muslim male person to do any of the following in a public place: to wear a woman's attire, or to pose as a woman. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Those convicted can be liable to a fine < RM1,000 or to imprisonment for a term < 6 months or to both. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">This section makes no exception for sufferers of GID like the appellants. No explanation has been given by the State for this unfortunate omission.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;">They </span><span style="background-color: white;">have been repeatedly detained, arrested, and prosecuted by the religious authority of </span><span style="background-color: white;">Negeri Sembilan acting pursuant to section 66 for cross-dressing.</span></span></li>
</ol>
<b><u>Summary</u></b><br />
<b><u><br /></u></b>
<b>s</b>66 is against<br />
<br />
<ol>
<li>Art 5(1) - cos it deprives A to live with dignity.</li>
<li>Art 5(1) - cos prevent them from stepping out from the house to work (get caught immediately if go out dressed like a woman)</li>
<li>Art 9(2) - cos no freedom of movement.</li>
<li>Art 10(1) - cos it is against their freedom of expression! Shad Saleem Faruqi:<span style="background-color: white;"> 'symbolic speech' like one's dressing and grooming can be treated as part of one's freedom of expression.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<b><u><span style="font-family: inherit;">Directly taken from the case report</span></u></b><br />
<div>
<span class="loose" style="background-color: white; display: block; margin: 14px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">1. The legislative competence of the State Legislature of Negeri Sembilan on matters pertaining to the religion of Islam</span></span></span><br />
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span class="bold"></span><br />
<div class="bottom7" style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 7px;">
<div class="top7" style="margin-top: 7px;">
<div class="bottom7" style="margin-bottom: 7px;">
<div class="top7" style="margin-top: 7px;">
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="bold"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_23"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[23] </span></a><a class="null" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/my/legal/search/runRemoteLink.do?A=0.7266855318156136&bct=A&service=citation&risb=21_T22189062960&langcountry=MY&linkInfo=F%23MY%23USM_PA%23year%251957%25act%251%25section%2574%25" style="color: #8f2b8c; text-decoration: none;" target="_parent">Article 74(2)</a> of the <a class="null" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/my/legal/search/runRemoteLink.do?A=0.8654898071903335&bct=A&service=citation&risb=21_T22189062960&langcountry=MY&linkInfo=F%23MY%23USM_PA%23year%251957%25act%251%25" style="color: #8f2b8c; text-decoration: none;" target="_parent">Federal Constitution</a> read with <a class="null" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/my/legal/search/runRemoteLink.do?A=0.8366678145899765&bct=A&service=citation&risb=21_T22189062960&langcountry=MY&linkInfo=F%23MY%23USM_PA%23year%251957%25act%251%25" style="color: #8f2b8c; text-decoration: none;" target="_parent">List II (State List)</a>, <a class="null" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/my/legal/search/runRemoteLink.do?A=0.5338998100521617&bct=A&service=citation&risb=21_T22189062960&langcountry=MY&linkInfo=F%23MY%23USM_PA%23year%251957%25act%251%25" style="color: #8f2b8c; text-decoration: none;" target="_parent">item 1</a>, of the <a class="null" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/my/legal/search/runRemoteLink.do?A=0.8191930891608058&bct=A&service=citation&risb=21_T22189062960&langcountry=MY&linkInfo=F%23MY%23USM_PA%23year%251957%25act%251%25section%25ch9%25" style="color: #8f2b8c; text-decoration: none;" target="_parent">Ninth Schedule</a> empowers State Legislatures to legislate on matters pertaining to the religion of Islam. </span></span></div>
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="bold"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_24"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[24] </span></a>The present legislation comes under the following sub-item of item 1 of the State List -</span></span></div>
<blockquote>
<span class="bold"><span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;"></span></span><br />
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="bold"><span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">... creation and punishment of offences by persons professing the religion of Islam against precepts of that religion...</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="bold"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_25"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[25] </span></a>However, the exercise of this legislative power is not without constitutional limitations; for, Article 74(3) of the Federal Constitution stipulates that the legislative powers of the States are exercisable subject to any conditions or restrictions imposed with respect to any particular matter by the Federal Constitution. </span></span></div>
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<span class="bold"><span style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">2. The position of Islam under the Federal Constitution</span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<span class="bold">
</span>
<div class="bottom7" style="margin-bottom: 7px;">
<div class="top7" style="margin-top: 7px;">
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<div class="loose" style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="bold"><span class="loose" style="display: block; margin: 14px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="bold"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_26"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[26] </span></a>Islam is declared by <a class="null" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/my/legal/search/runRemoteLink.do?A=0.23365258178720816&bct=A&service=citation&risb=21_T22189062960&langcountry=MY&linkInfo=F%23MY%23USM_PA%23year%251957%25act%251%25section%253%25" style="color: #8f2b8c; text-decoration: none;" target="_parent">Art 3(1)</a> of the Federal Constitution to be the religion of the Federation.</span></span></span></span></div>
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</span></span></span>
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<span class="bold"><span class="loose" style="display: block; margin: 14px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="bold"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_27" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[27] </span></a><span style="line-height: 18px;">The meaning of 'Islam' in Art 3(1) is explained by the Supreme Court in</span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> </span><span class="italic" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 18px;">Che Omar bin Che Soh v Public Prosecutor</span><a class="null" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/my/legal/search/runRemoteLink.do?A=0.743911836929613&bct=A&service=citation&risb=21_T22189062960&langcountry=MY&linkInfo=F%23MY%23MLJ%23vol%252%25sel1%251988%25page%2555%25year%251988%25sel2%252%25" style="color: #8f2b8c; line-height: 18px; text-decoration: none;" target="_parent"> [1988] 2 MLJ 55</a><span style="line-height: 18px;"> (at p. 56):</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<blockquote style="background-color: white;">
<span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;"></span><br />
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">There can be no doubt that Islam is not just a mere collection of dogmas and rituals but it is a <b>complete way of life covering all fields of human activities, may they be private or public, legal, political, economic, social, cultural, moral or judicial</b>. </span></span></div>
<span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;">
</span></blockquote>
<div style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">
</div>
<blockquote>
<span class="SS_L4"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /><b><i>The question here is this: Was this the meaning intended by the framers of the Constitution? For this purpose, it is necessary to trace the history of Islam in this country after the British intervention in the affairs of the Malay States at the close of the last century.</i></b></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_28" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[28] </span></a><span style="line-height: 18px;">After having said the above, Salleh Abas LP, proceeded to trace the history of Islam after the British intervention in the Malay States and came to the following conclusion (at p 56):</span></span><br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white;">
<span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></span><br />
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Thus, it can be seen that during the British colonial period, through their system of indirect rule and establishment of secular institutions, <b>Islamic law was rendered isolated in a narrow confinement of the law of marriage, divorce, and inheritance only.</b> (See M.B. Hooker, <span class="italic" style="font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;">Islamic Law in South-east Asia</span>, 1984.)</span></span></div>
<span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span>
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<span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In our view, </span><b>it is in this sense of dichotomy that the framers of the Constitution understood the meaning of the word 'Islam' in the context of Article 3</b>. If it had been otherwise, there would have been another provision in the Constitution which would have the effect that any law contrary to the injunction of Islam will be void. Far from making such provision, Article 162, on the other hand, purposely preserves the continuity of secular law prior to the Constitution, unless such law is contrary to the latter.</span></span></div>
<span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span></blockquote>
<div style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_29"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[29] </span></a>In short, the Supreme Court takes the position that it was the intention of the framers of our Federal Constitution that the word 'Islam' in Art 3(1) be given a restrictive meaning.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_30"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[30] </span></a>But what is more important for the purpose of our judgment is the fact that <a class="null" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/my/legal/search/runRemoteLink.do?A=0.6697807288261229&bct=A&service=citation&risb=21_T22189062960&langcountry=MY&linkInfo=F%23MY%23USM_PA%23year%251957%25act%251%25section%253%25" style="color: #8f2b8c; text-decoration: none;" target="_parent">Art 3(4)</a> qualifies the status of Islam in following terms:</span></div>
<blockquote style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">
<span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></span><br />
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<span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">…</span></span></span></div>
<span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span>
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<span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">(4) Nothing in this Article derogates from any other provision of this Constitution.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_31"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[31] </span></a>What Art 3(4) means is that Art 3(1) is subject to, among others, the fundamental liberties provisions as enshrined in Part II of the <a class="null" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/my/legal/search/runRemoteLink.do?A=0.4917759144639253&bct=A&service=citation&risb=21_T22189062960&langcountry=MY&linkInfo=F%23MY%23USM_PA%23year%251957%25act%251%25" style="color: #8f2b8c; text-decoration: none;" target="_parent">Federal Constitution</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>3. </b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Laws inconsistent with the Federal Constitution are void.</span></span></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_32" style="background-color: white;"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></a></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_32" style="background-color: white;"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[32] </span></a><span style="background-color: white;"></span><a class="null" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/my/legal/search/runRemoteLink.do?A=0.8800251317966911&bct=A&service=citation&risb=21_T22189062960&langcountry=MY&linkInfo=F%23MY%23USM_PA%23year%251957%25act%251%25section%254%25" style="background-color: white; color: #8f2b8c; text-decoration: none;" target="_parent">Article 4(1)</a><span style="background-color: white;"> of the Federal Constitution declares that the Federal Constitution is the supreme law of the Federation and any law passed which is inconsistent with the Federal Constitution shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void. </span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_33"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[33] </span></a>Part II (Arts 5 to 13) of the Federal Constitution guarantees the fundamental liberties of all Malaysians.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_34"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[34] </span></a>Reading Art 74(3) and Art 4(1) together, it is clear (<span class="italic" style="font-style: italic;"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">and this legal position is not disputed</span></span>) that all State laws, including Islamic laws passed by State legislatures, must be consistent with Part II of the Federal Constitution (which guarantees the fundamental liberties of all Malaysians).</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">4. Section 66 of the Syariah Criminal Enactment 1992 (Negeri Sembilan)</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
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<span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="bold">s66 reads: </span><span style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px;">Any male person who, in any public place wears a woman's attire or poses as a woman shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding one thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or to both.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">[36] Mufti opines that the prohibition of a male Muslim dressing or posing as a woman is a precept of Islam.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_39"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[39] </span></a>But counsel for appellant makes a pertinent point: Mufti's Opinion fails to address the issue that is crucial for the purpose of the present constitutional challenge: <b>what is the position in Islam as to the appropriate dress code for male Muslims who are sufferers of GID, like the appellants?</b><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>5. </b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Whether section 66 is in breach of art 5(1) of the Federal Constitution</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_40"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[40] </span></a><a class="null" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/my/legal/search/runRemoteLink.do?A=0.1124676483657071&bct=A&service=citation&risb=21_T22189062960&langcountry=MY&linkInfo=F%23MY%23USM_PA%23year%251957%25act%251%25section%255%25" style="color: #8f2b8c; text-decoration: none;" target="_parent">Art 5(1)</a> of the Federal Constitution guarantees that no person shall be deprived of his life and personal liberty save in accordance with law. </span></div>
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<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_41"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[41] </span></a>The Federal Court in <span class="italic" style="font-style: italic;">Sivarasa Rasiah v Badan Peguam Malaysia & Anor</span> [2010] 3 CLJ 507 has held that -</span></div>
<ul style="list-style: none;">
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="ro">(i)</span> </span><div style="margin-left: 50px; margin-top: -17.5px; position: relative;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">other freedoms may be found embedded in the 'life' and 'personal liberty' limbs of art 5(1) (at para 13 of the judgment);</span></div>
</li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="ro">(ii)</span> </span><div style="margin-left: 50px; margin-top: -17.5px; position: relative;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">'in accordance with law' in art 5(1) refers to a law that is fair and just and not merely any enacted law however arbitrary or unjust it may be (at para 20 of the judgment); and</span></div>
</li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="ro">(iii)</span> </span><div style="margin-left: 50px; margin-top: -17.5px; position: relative;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">when a law is challenged as violating a fundamental right under art 5(1), <a class="null" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/my/legal/search/runRemoteLink.do?A=0.44185654566620314&bct=A&service=citation&risb=21_T22189062960&langcountry=MY&linkInfo=F%23MY%23USM_PA%23year%251957%25act%251%25section%258%25" style="color: #8f2b8c; text-decoration: none;" target="_parent">art 8(1)</a> will at once be engaged: (at para 19 of the judgment)</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>6. </b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Infringement of the right to live with dignity</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_42"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[42] </span></a>In <span class="italic" style="font-style: italic;">Lembaga Tatatertib Perkhidmatan Awam Hospital Besar Pulau Pinang & Anor v Utra Badi K Perumah</span> [2000] 3 CLJ 224 Gopal Sri Ram JCA (as he then was) in delivering the decision of the Court of Appeal explained that the word 'life' in <b>Art 5(1) includes the right to live with dignity</b>.</span></div>
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_44"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[44] </span></a>Section 66 prohibits the appellants and all other male Muslim sufferers of GID from cross-dressing, and punishes them for any breach of the prohibition. </span></div>
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Effect: Appellants and other GID sufferers perpetually at risk of arrest and prosecution simply because they express themselves in a way which is part of their experience of being human. Their core identity is criminalized solely on account of their gender identity. Builds insecurity and vulnerability into the lives of the appellants and other Muslim male persons with GID. The existence of a law that punishes the gender expression of transsexuals, degrades and devalues persons with GID in our society. As such, section 66 directly affects the appellants' right to live with dignity, guaranteed by Art 5(1), by depriving them of their value and worth as members of our society.</span></div>
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Therefore, s66 - unconstitutional and void.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">7. Infringement of right to livelihood/work</span></span></div>
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</div>
<blockquote style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="SS_L4" style="color: black; line-height: 18px;"></span></span></blockquote>
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<div class="loose" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; display: block; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 14px 0px 0px; orphans: auto; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_48"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[48] </span></a>There is yet another reason as to why section 66 is inconsistent with Art 5(1). It has also been established by judicial authorities that the word 'life' in Art 5(1) means more than mere animal existence: it also includes such rights as livelihood and the quality of life. In <span class="italic" style="font-style: italic;">Tan Tek Seng v Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Pendidikan & Anor.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_50"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[50] </span></a>The effect of section 66 is that it prohibits the appellants and other sufferers of GID who cross-dress from moving in public places to reach their respective places of work.</span></div>
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="italic" style="font-style: italic;"></span></span></div>
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_51"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[51] </span><span class="bold">S</span></a> 66 has the inevitable effect of rendering their right to livelihood/work illusory, for they will never be able to leave their homes, cross-dressed, to go to their respective places of work without being exposed to being arrested and punished under section 66. Section 66 is therefore inconsistent with Art 5(1).</span></div>
<div>
<span class="loose" style="display: block; margin: 14px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">8. Whether section 66 contravenes Art 8(1) of the Federal Constitution</span></span></span><br />
<div>
<span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_54" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></a></span></div>
<div>
<span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_54" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[54] </span></a><span style="font-weight: normal;">Appellants, male Muslims suffering from GID, are in a different situation as compared to normal male Muslims, should not be treated similarly as the normal male Muslims. </span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Yet s66 treat them equally, does not provide for any exception for sufferers of GID like the appellants. The State, although does not dispute the existence of sufferers of GID among male Muslims such as the appellants, yet does not explain for such a serious legislative omission. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">In other words, the State and the impugned section simply ignore GID sufferers such as the appellants, and unfairly subject them to the enforcement of the law. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">As a consequence, they could not dress in public in the way that is natural to them. They will commit the crime of offending section 66 the very moment they leave their homes to attend to the basic needs of life, to earn a living, or to socialize; and be liable to arrest, detention and prosecution. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">This is degrading, oppressive and inhuman. Thus the inclusion of persons suffering from GID in the section 66 prohibition discriminates against them. Therefore, section 66 is inconsistent with Art 8(1) of the Federal Constitution as it is discriminatory and oppressive, and denies the appellants the equal protection of the law.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">9. Whether section 66 contravenes Art 8(2) of the Federal Constitution</span></span></div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_57"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></a></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_57"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[57] </span></a><a class="null" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/my/legal/search/runRemoteLink.do?A=0.7609782724888556&bct=A&service=citation&risb=21_T22189062960&langcountry=MY&linkInfo=F%23MY%23USM_PA%23year%251957%25act%251%25section%258%25" style="color: #8f2b8c; text-decoration: none;" target="_parent">Art 8(2)</a> of the Federal Constitution states that in any law there shall be no discrimination against citizens on the ground of gender. </span></div>
<div>
<span class="bold"><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></span><br />
<div style="font-weight: normal;">
</div>
<span class="bold"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span>
<div class="loose" style="font-weight: normal; margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="bold"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_58"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[58] </span></a>Section 66 only prohibits male Muslims from cross-dressing or from posing as a woman in public. But this section does not prohibit female Muslims from cross-dressing as a man or from posing as a man in public. It is argued that section 66 thus subjects male Muslim persons like the appellants to an unfavourable bias vis a vis female Muslim persons. Therefore, section 66 is discriminatory on the ground of gender, and is inconsistent with Art 8(2).</span></span></div>
<span class="bold"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<b>RESPONDENT COUNSEL'S ARGUMENT (REJECTED): </b></div>
<div class="loose" style="font-weight: normal; margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Section 66 is 'personal law' for the purpose of Art 8(5)(a) - permits the making of personal laws that discriminate on account of gender or other factors in Art 8(2).</div>
<blockquote style="font-weight: normal;">
<span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;"></span></blockquote>
<div style="font-weight: normal;">
</div>
<div class="loose" style="font-weight: normal; margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_61"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[61] </span></a>It must be appreciated that section 66 is not enacted pursuant to the particular sub-item of Item 1 of List II of the Ninth Schedule that refers to personal law:</div>
<blockquote style="font-weight: normal;">
<span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;"></span><br />
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">… Islamic law and personal and family law of persons professing the religion of Islam, including the Islamic law relating to succession, adoption, legitimacy, guardianship, gifts, partitions and non-charitable trusts;</span></span></div>
<span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;">
</span></blockquote>
<div style="font-weight: normal;">
</div>
<div class="loose" style="font-weight: normal; margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_62"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[62] </span></a>Section 66 is in fact enacted pursuant to that particular sub-item of Item 1 of List II that states -</div>
<blockquote style="font-weight: normal;">
<span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;"></span><br />
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">… creation and punishment of offences by persons professing the religion of Islam against precepts of that religion...</span></span></div>
<span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;">
</span></blockquote>
<div style="font-weight: normal;">
</div>
<div class="loose" style="font-weight: normal; margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_63"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[63] </span></a>Thus section 66 is not personal law.</div>
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<b>10. </b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Whether section 66 is inconsistent with Art 9(2) of the Federal Constitution</span></div>
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_64"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[64] </span></a><a class="null" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/my/legal/search/runRemoteLink.do?A=0.7885121256671649&bct=A&service=citation&risb=21_T22189062960&langcountry=MY&linkInfo=F%23MY%23USM_PA%23year%251957%25act%251%25section%259%25" style="color: #8f2b8c; text-decoration: none;" target="_parent">Article 9(2)</a> of the <a class="null" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/my/legal/search/runRemoteLink.do?A=0.28224351441486306&bct=A&service=citation&risb=21_T22189062960&langcountry=MY&linkInfo=F%23MY%23USM_PA%23year%251957%25act%251%25" style="color: #8f2b8c; text-decoration: none;" target="_parent">Federal Constitution</a> guarantees freedom of movement within the Federation.</div>
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_65"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[65] </span></a>Section 66 is explicit in criminalizing any Muslim man who in any public place wears a woman's attire or poses as a woman.</div>
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_66"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[66] </span></a>Not merely <span class="italic" style="font-style: italic;">restrict</span> the appellants' freedom of movement - actually deny appellants and sufferers of GID of the right to move freely in public places. Effect: never be able to leave their homes and move freely in the State of Negeri Sembilan without being exposed to being arrested and punished under section 66. S 66 denies the appellants and other male Muslim sufferers of GID of their right to freedom of movement. Hence, unconstitutional.</div>
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_68"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[68] </span></a>Even if regard section 66 as a restriction and not denial of the right to move freely within the country, still, such restriction has to be reasonable, according to judicial authorities (see <span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">Sivarasa Rasiah</span>, <span class="italic" style="font-style: italic;">Dr Mohd Nasir Hashim v Menteri Dalam Negeri Malaysia</span> [2007] 1 CLJ 19; and <span class="italic" style="font-style: italic;">Muhammad Hilman Idham & Ors v Kerajaan Malaysia & Ors</span> [2011] 9 CLJ 50). S 66 is an unreasonable restriction of the appellants' right to freedom of movement - and hence unconstitutional as being inconsistent with Art 9(2) of the Federal Constitution. </div>
<div class="bottom7" style="margin-bottom: 7px;">
<div class="top7" style="margin-top: 7px;">
<div>
<span class="loose" style="display: block; margin: 14px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">11. Whether section 66 is in breach of Art 10(2) of the Federal Constitution</span></span></div>
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_69"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[69] </span></a><a class="null" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/my/legal/search/runRemoteLink.do?A=0.6945010242549948&bct=A&service=citation&risb=21_T22189062960&langcountry=MY&linkInfo=F%23MY%23USM_PA%23year%251957%25act%251%25section%2510%25" style="color: #8f2b8c; text-decoration: none;" target="_parent">Art 10(1)(a)</a> of the <a class="null" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/my/legal/search/runRemoteLink.do?A=0.5029613943384351&bct=A&service=citation&risb=21_T22189062960&langcountry=MY&linkInfo=F%23MY%23USM_PA%23year%251957%25act%251%25" style="color: #8f2b8c; text-decoration: none;" target="_parent">Federal Constitution</a> guarantees freedom of expression. </div>
<blockquote>
<span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;"></span></blockquote>
<br />
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_70"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[70] </span></a>A person's dress, attire or articles of clothing are a form of expression, which in our view, is guaranteed under Art 10(1)(a).</div>
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_71"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[71] </span></a>Professor Shad Saleem Faruqi in his book <span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">Document of Destiny, the Constitution of the Federation of Malaysia</span>, expresses the view that even 'symbolic speech' like the manner of one's dressing and grooming can be treated as part of one's freedom of expression.</div>
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_72"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[72] </span><span class="bold">L</span></a>andmark American Supreme Court case of <span class="italic" style="font-style: italic;">Tinker v Des Moines Independent Community School District</span>]. In <span class="italic" style="font-style: italic;"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">Tinker</span></span>, it was held that a school regulation which prohibited students from wearing black armbands to silently protest against the United States Government's policy in Vietnam was violative of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guaranteed free speech: (pg 513–514)</div>
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_73"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[73] </span></a>Section 66 directly affects the appellants' right to freedom of expression, in that they are prohibited from wearing the attire and articles of clothing of their choice.</div>
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_74"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[74] </span></a>Art 10(2)(a) states that <u>only Parliament may restrict freedom of expression in limited situations</u>; and so long as such restrictions are reasonable.</div>
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_75"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[75] </span></a>The <u>State Legislative Assemblies in Malaysia (and this includes the State legislature of Negeri Sembilan) have no power to restrict freedom of speech and expression</u>. Only Parliament has such power. This is confirmed by the Supreme Court in <span class="italic" style="font-style: italic;">Dewan Undangan Negeri Kelantan & Anor v Nordin Salleh Anor</span>[1992] 1 CLJ 72 (Rep) at 82:</div>
<blockquote>
<span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;"></span><br />
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;">Next it must be observed that Article 10(2) of the Federal Constitution provides that only Parliament may by law impose those restrictions referred to in Article 10(2), (3) and (4) of the Federal Constitution. Therefore even if any such restriction purported to have been imposed by the Constitution of the State of Kelantan was valid, and it is not, it is clear that the restriction could not be imposed by a law passed by any State Legislature. That would be another ground why Article XXXIA of the Constitution of Kelantan should be invalidated.</span></div>
<span class="SS_L4" style="line-height: 18px;">
</span></blockquote>
<br />
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_76"><span class="bold">[76] </span></a>Section 66 is a State law that criminalizes any male Muslim who wears a woman's attire or who poses as a woman in a public place. Hence, section 66 is unconstitutional since it is a law purporting to restrict freedom of speech and expression but it is a law not made by Parliament.</b></div>
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_77"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[77] </span></a>Moreover, any restriction on freedom of expression must be <u>reasonable</u> - <span class="italic" style="font-style: italic;"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">Sivarasa Rasiah</span></span> </div>
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_78"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[78] </span></a>Clearly, the restriction imposed on the appellants and other GID sufferers by section 66 is unreasonable. Thus, also from the aspect of reasonableness, section 66 is unconstitutional.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bottom7" style="margin-bottom: 7px;">
<div class="top7" style="margin-top: 7px;">
<div>
<span class="loose" style="display: block; margin: 14px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">CONCLUSION</span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bottom7" style="margin-bottom: 7px;">
<div class="top7" style="margin-top: 7px;">
<div class="loose" style="margin-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PNUM_94"><span class="bold" style="font-weight: bold;">[94] </span></a>S 66 is invalid as being unconstitutional. It is inconsistent with Arts 5(1), Art 8(1) and (2), Art 9(2), and Art 10(1)(a) of the Federal Constitution.</div>
</div>
</div>
</span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-52327720619381529002015-06-15T08:15:00.000-07:002015-06-15T08:15:43.799-07:00Order 53 Rules of High Court 2012Order 53 of the Rules of the High Court was repealed in the year 2000 and substituted with a new provision. The Rules of the High Court 1980 was recently repealed and replaced with the Rules of Court 2012.<br />
<br />
With regard to the new Order 53 in the Rules of Court 2012, answer ALL the following questions:
<br />
<br />
<b>Explain the salient features of the new Order 53. </b><br />
<br />
<u>Application for Judicial Review</u><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>R1(1) provides for the application for judicial review - uniformity of procedure, because previously different remedies have different locus standi.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<u>Locus Standi</u><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>R2(4) provides that any person who is adversely affected by the action, decision or omission of any body carrying out public function or duty has the locus standi to apply for judicial review - wider scope to include action, decision or omission. no limit on public authorities, therefore private bodies may come under this as well. <i style="font-weight: bold;">QSR Brands v Securities Commission</i>: GSR introduced the spectrum test, which includes public interest litigation. </li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<u>Time limit</u><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>R3(6) application must be made 3 months from date grounds of appeal arise / decision notified to applicant - an extension from the previous 40 days</li>
<li>R3(7) court may extend time upon application if got good reason</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<u>Cross Examination</u><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>R6 any party may apply for discovery of documents and cross-examination - important as can examine affidavit or sworn statements, because <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">witnesses are
called and give evidence, during JR no more calling of witnesses. Instead
affidavits are signed.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<u>Remedies</u><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>R5 empower court to award damages</li>
<li>R2(2) allows more than one remedy, either alternatively or jointly</li>
<li>R2(3) states that court can grant injunction or monetary compensation as it sees fit</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<b>How and to what extent may judicial review of administrative action be affected by the new
Order 53? </b><br />
<br />
R1(2) subject to Specific Relief Act<br />
R2(1) no habeas corpus<br />
R2(3) injunction subject to s29 Government Proceedings Act (no injunction against government) and s54(d) Specific Relief Act (injunction cannot interfere with public duty carried out by government department)<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">R3(6) time<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">R2(4) Who can file affected<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">R1(1) seems to suggest it
reigns over Parent Act - if there are words that say order 53 only to guide,
not to interfere the substance of law. If it is to control the substance, ultra
vires. Justice GSR - rules are merely rules, in no way to come in and interfere
with power of court. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sivarasa Rasiah (CoA) -
judges should not forget the most important case - merits and justice - not
technical procedures proscribing it. Even if there is a breach of rules, if
there is a merit is more important, judges should overlook the rules. Dangerous
- if all courts only look at merits, rules won’t be followed. R2(1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<b>Discuss the validity of the new Order 53 vis-a-vis the Courts of Judicature Act 1964 and the Federal Constitution</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">R1(1) – inherent power –
statute only confer additional power <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Statute cannot limit
inherent power<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-64358865262261066142015-06-14T21:25:00.001-07:002015-06-14T21:44:37.502-07:00Natural Justice 2 - Development of NJ in England<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b>Liberal - Restrictive - Liberal - Fairness concept - Expansion of fairness concept</b></blockquote>
Stage 1: Liberal<br />
Cooper v Wandsworth Board of Works
Board of Education v Rice<br />
<br />
Stage 2: Restrictive<br />
Nakkuda Ali v Jayaratne<br />
<br />
Stage 3: Liberal<br />
Ridge v Baldwin<br />
<br />
Stage 4: Fairness concept<br />
Re K.H. An Infant<br />
<br />
Stage 5: Expansion of fairness concept<br />
i. Difference btwn right and privilege set aside
R v Hull Prison Board of Visitors<br />
ii. RTBH in disciplinary proceedings
Glynn v University of Keele
R v Senate of Uni Aston<br />
iii. RTBH in investigative Admin Action
Re Pergamon Press<br />
<br />
NJ => Legitimate Expectation
Schmidt v Secretary for State of Home Affairs<br />
Conditions to prove LE<br />
1. Expectation must be legitimate<br />
2. There must be a reasonable basis for expectation<br />
<br />
Under<br />
2. Reasonable ground: Undertaking by Admin body<br />
<br />
a. Individual<br />
Re Liverpool Taxi Owner's Association<br />
<br />
b. Public<br />
AG Hong Kong v Ng Yuen Shiu<br />
<br />
c. Regular practice<br />
CCSU v Minister of Civil Services<br />
<br />Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-13933192532026128632015-06-14T21:15:00.001-07:002015-06-14T21:44:26.413-07:00Natural Justice 1 - Important Characteristics<div>
<b>INTRODUCTION</b></div>
<ul>
<li>NJ arises when statute is silent on right to be heard (RTBH).</li>
<li>Creation of common law: when statute silent, common law supply for omission of Legislature</li>
</ul>
<div>
<b><i># Cooper v Wandsworth Board of Works</i></b></div>
<div>
Important rules: </div>
<div>
<ol>
<li>Right to fair hearing only arise when public authority exercise power which has potential to affect right and interest of person</li>
<li>Universal application</li>
<li>Silence of statute =/= RTBH denied, cos only in such cases RTfairH impliedly arises </li>
</ol>
<div>
<b>NJ CAN BE DENIED BY STATUTE</b></div>
</div>
<div>
<ol>
<li>Expressly - S59 Immigration Act - exclusion of RTBH</li>
<li>Impliedly - <i style="font-weight: bold;">Furnell v Whangarei High School Board </i>- when other rights are detailed, except RTBH</li>
</ol>
<div>
<b>NJ SHALL BE PRE-DECISIONAL</b></div>
</div>
<div>
<b><br /></b></div>
<div>
<i><b># Maneka Gandhi v Union of India</b></i></div>
<div>
Wanted to leave India, passport confiscated. Court held that if pre-decisional hearing is not possible, then at least a post-decisional hearing should be given, but this cannot substitute the role of pre-DH.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>NJ IS A FLEXIBLE CONCEPT</b></div>
<div>
<b><br /></b></div>
<div>
<b>M</b>erdeka University v GOM - Flexible, vary according to circumstances</div>
<div>
<b>L</b>loyd v McMahon - RoNJ not engraved on tablets of stone</div>
<div>
<b>S</b>K Kapoor v Jagmohan - minimal NJ is possible, even when immediate action needed</div>
<div>
<b>S</b>wadeshi Cotton Mills v Union of India - Urgency may not always exclude NJ.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>TWO PILLARS OF NJ</b></div>
<div>
1. Audi alteram partem (AAP) - RTBH</div>
<div>
2. Nemo judex in causa sua - Rule against bias</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>WEAKNESS OF NJ</b></div>
<div>
1. Creation of CL, can be denied by Statute</div>
<div>
2. Only two components</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>EFFECTIVENESS OF NJ</b></div>
<div>
1. Admin action (AA) can challenge in court</div>
<div>
2. Get remedy (certiorari/declaration)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>IMPORTANCE OF NJ</b></div>
<div>
1. Administration</div>
<div>
<b>- </b>Know all facts before make decision</div>
<div>
- Make fair decision</div>
<div>
- Prevent mistakes</div>
<div>
- Complete and reasonable record</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
2. Individual</div>
<div>
- Affect decision by AB</div>
<div>
- Protect individual right</div>
<div>
- Prevent arbitrary </div>
Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-43135931824134314652015-06-14T20:51:00.000-07:002015-06-14T20:51:05.394-07:00Ketua Pengarah Kastam v Ho Kwan Seng<div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">•Landmark case in Malaysian Administrative
Law. </span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">•Issue: whether the cancellation of
the forwarding agency’s registration is a quasi-judicial act
that natural justice will
become applicable?
</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">•HC: NJ did not apply, only given RTBH if expressly stated in statute.</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">•FC: overruled HC decision and upheld that
natural justice was applicable for the matter of cancellation of the agency <span style="font-weight: bold;">despite
the fact that there is no provision governed in </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">the statute</span>. </span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">•The court emphasized that the rule requiring
a fair hearing is very crucial because it can be used to display the whole idea of an
administrative procedural rights in accordance with the famous
landmark case of
Ridge v Baldwin</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">•Relevant principle of NJ - <span style="font-weight: bold;">no
</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">man
shall be condemned unheard</span>. </span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">•Apply where an individual
is <span style="font-weight: bold;">a</span><b>dversely
affected by
an administrative action</b> <b>be it ‘judicial’, ‘quasi-judicial’ or ‘administrative’</b>
or whether or not the existing statute provide provision for hearing.</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
This case marks the shift in approach to concept of Natural Justice in Malaysia, f<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">rom wide interpretation to the doctrine of fairness.</span></div>
Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4575445753143184825.post-46125059358037094382015-06-14T10:38:00.002-07:002015-06-14T10:39:45.626-07:00Admin Law - Judicial Review<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Guide to answering Judicial Review Question on Locus Standi</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>QUESTION</b> </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Millenium
Sdn Bhd set up a new processing plant in Petaling Jaya recently. The Selangor
State Government has approved Millenium Sdn Bhd’s application for authorization
to <u>discharge radioactive waste into two rivers flowing behind the plant</u>.
<u>Anti-Pollute Quest, an environmental organization</u>, is outraged by the
authorization granted by the Selangor State Government. <u>Dali and Mani are
villagers who live near the plant and use the water from the rivers daily</u>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Advise
Anti-Pollute Quest, Dali and Mani <u>whether they can seek judicial review</u>
of the decision of the Selangor State Government to grant the authorization to
discharge the radioactive waste into the two rivers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Note:
<i>In italics is for info only, no need
include in answer</i>.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>ANSWER</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US">In this case, the main issue
whether Anti-Pollute Quest, Dali and Mani have <b>locus standi </b>to seek
judicial review. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span lang="EN-US">[In Malaysia, prior to the amendment in 2000, the courts applied the
“aggrieved person” (after Lim Kit Siang v UEM, 1988; before that is sufficient
interest - Lim Cho Hock, George John v Goh Eng Wah) as requirement for locus
standi. After the amendment in 2000, order 53, rule 2(4) requires the applicant
to prove that he is adversely affected by the decision of public authority.]<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US">After the amendment to the Rules
of High Court 2000 to Rules of Court 2012, order 53, rule 2(4) was amended to
provide for the application for judicial review to persons adversely affected
by <u>decision, action or omission</u> in relation to the <u>exercise of the
public duty or function</u>. As it stands now, what needs to be proven is the
element of “adversely affected”. Hence, analogy can be made to post 2000 cases.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US">Sivarasa Rasiah v Badan Peguam
Malaysia</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US">
states that O53 should be interpreted liberally<b><i> <o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US">In <b><i>QSR Brands v Suruhanjaya
Sekuriti & Anor </i></b>(2006), COA held that it was</span><span lang="EN-US"> for the applicant to show that he falls within the factual spectrum
that is covered by the words 'adversely affected'. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">At one end - cases where the particular applicant has an
obviously sufficient personal interest in the legality of the action impugned. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">At the other end - cases where the nexus between the
applicant and the legality of the action under challenge is so tenuous that the
court may be entitled to disregard it as de minimis. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In the middle - cases which are in the nature of a public
interest litigation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Public interest litigation stems from the test of sufficient
interest for locus standi. With r</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;">eference </span>to the case
of </span><b><i><span lang="EN-US">Ex parte
World Development Movement</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US">, the court held that a mere busybody cannot be given locus standi, but
one of the factors which influence the courts to give locus standi is the
importance of upholding the Rule of Law, i.e. The government cannot act
arbitrarily. In this case, World Development Movement was granted locus standi
as there was the lack of a third party to challenge the UK government’s
decision. The definition of sufficient interest has been expanded to include
public interest litigation. In <b><i>Ex Parte Greenpeace</i></b>, the courts also
considered the reputation and standing of the organization seeking to challenge
an administrative challenge.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="style1" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="style1" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="style3"><b><i><span style="color: #666666;">Ex Parte Greenpeace</span></i></b></span><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="style1" style="background: white; line-height: 11.25pt;">
<strong><i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></i></strong>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><strong><i>Facts</i></strong><i><br />
The environmental pressure group, Greenpeace, sought to bring judicial review
proceedings against the decision of the Inspectorate of Pollution to authorise
the discharge of radioactive waste from the Thorp nuclear plant in Cumbria.
Greenpeace had 2500 members or supporters living in the area likely to be
affected by the decision.<o:p></o:p></i></span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="style1" style="background: white; line-height: 11.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><strong><i>Legal principle</i></strong><i><br />
The Divisional Court held that the court should take into account the nature of
the applicant, its interests in the issues raised, the remedy it sought to
achieve and the nature of the relief sought. Greenpeace was a responsible
organization with an established reputation for its interest in environmental
matters and some of its members, who would have had standing in their own
right, lived in the area affected</i></span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US">Furthermore, in </span><b><i><span lang="EN-US">Malik Brothers v Narendra Dadhich</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-US"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US">AIR [1999] SC
3211</span><span lang="EN-US">, If the court
finds in the garb of PIL actually an individual's interest is sought to be
carried out or protected, it would be bounden duty of the court not to
entertain such petition as otherwise the very purpose of innovation of PIL will
be frustrated. For example, what happened in <i>QSR Brands</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US">In <b><i>MTUC v Menteri Air,
Tenaga dan Komunikasi</i></b> (2014), the FC affirmed the findings in <i>QSR
Brands</i> and <i>Malik Bros</i>, and </span><span lang="EN-US">held that the
"adversely affected" test was the single test for all the remedies
provided for under Order 53 of the RHC. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US">The Federal Court then held that in order to pass the
"adversely affected" test, an applicant has to at least show that he
has a <b>real and genuine interest in the subject matter</b>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US">The Court added that it is not necessary for the applicant to
establish infringement of a private right or the suffering of special damage (<b><i>Govt
of Malaysia v Lim Kit Siang</i></b>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US">In contrast to <b><i>QSR Brands</i></b>
which was a case of private interest litigation, Anti-Pollute Quest falls
within the middle of the spectrum, it is a public interest litigation. They are
bringing the case on behalf of the villagers who live near the plant. In <b><i>MTUC</i></b><i>,</i> the court after
considering the whole legal and factual context of the application especially
the fact that this is a public interest litigation, decided that MTUC had shown
that it had a real and genuine interest in the two documents. Hence, MTUC was
adversely affected by the Minister's decision. Applying the same principle, APQ
was bringing a case on public interest litigation as it does not in fact suffer
from infringement of private right of special damage. In view of the fact that
it was acting as an environmental body and activist, it has a real and genuine
interest in the subject matter. APQ falls within the middle of the spectrum
test for locus standi established in QSR. The court will also consider the
reputation of APQ and lack of other groups to bring the case. Anti-Pollute
Quest has locus standi. </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US">Similarly, Dali and Mani need not
prove that they are suffering from an infringement of a private right or suffer
special damage, but they only need to prove that they are adversely affected. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US">However, following the Minister’s
decision allowing Millennium to dispose radioactive waste in the river from
which they get their daily supply of water, Dali and Mani clearly have been
adversely affected because the radioactive waste will affect their health and
wellbeing through oral consumption. This falls under the right to life as
stated in <b><i>Tan Tek Seng</i></b>, which is the quality of life that forms the
facets of life. Moreover, GSR clearly stated that right to life includes the
right to a clean environment. Therefore, Dali and Mani has locus standi to seek
judicial review. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US">However, they need to note that according to Order 53 Rule 3(6) –
the application for judicial review shall be made within 3 months from date
grounds of application arose or decision communicated (previously 40 days). Any
application to extend time must now be heard inter partes. </span><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">REMEDIES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">In this
case, Anti-Pollute Quest, Dali and Mani can apply for a <b>certiorari</b> to
quash the Selangor State </span>Government’s decision and/or a <b>declaration</b> that
the State Government’s approval was wrongful. These two remedies are not
mutually exclusive. In <b><i>B Surinder
Singh Kanda v Govt of Malaysia</i></b>, the Privy Council ruled that the remedy
of declaration is also available to the plaintiff in addition to certiorari.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Certiorari<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">MP Jain stated that a certiorari is issued when a
body has infringed norms of NJ, or acts under an invalid law, or commits errors
of jurisdiction, or there is an error of law (non-jurisdictional error)
apparent on the face of record, or where decision is based on findings of fact
for which there is no legal evidence in support. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">In considering to grant a certiorari, the court may
take into account whether the applicant has an alternative legal remedy
available to him. In <b><i>Badat bin Drani
v Tan Kheat</i></b>, HC refused to grant certiorari to quash an order of the
Rent Board on the ground that it was open to the petitioner to appeal to the
High Court against the Board’s order. Applying this principle, Anti-Pollute
Quest, Dali and Mani should make sure that they should exhaust all alternative
legal remedies before applying for certiorari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Declaration<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">A declaration merely declares what the legal rights
of the concerned parties are. It has no coercive force nor does it quash any
decision which may have been taken by admin body. However, it may effectively
undermine the enforceability of an administrative act. For example, an order of
the </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Minister which was declared as invalid cannot be enforced legally.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">With regards to declaration, s41 SRA provides that
it can be sought as to the Pf’s entitlement to a legal character, or status or
right to property. The phrase ‘legal character’ in s41 is very broad, and it
means a position recognised by law. It includes legal status of a person and
covers many situations where a <i>legal right</i> of a person is infringed by
an illegal or ultra vires action of an administrative authority.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">By analogy to the meaning of life in Art 5 as
iterated in<b> <i>Tan Tek Seng</i></b>, the
right to clean water can be constituted as one of the facets of life that form
the quality of life, and therefore, is a basic fundamental right recognized by
law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">In this case, certiorari is the best remedy as it
can quash the minister’s decision, whereas a declaration has no coercive legal
effect.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Aikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07120383471104483739noreply@blogger.com0